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Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403 U15055 U16406 Ciproflox S R S Cotrimoxazole R R S Fosfomycin S S S Gentamycin S R S Levoflox S R S Loracarbef S R S Nitrofurantoin S S S R = resistant, S = sensitive Gram-positive, multi-drug-resistant (MDR) cultures from Lancet Laboratories (Durban) with their strain numbers. Staphylococcus aureus (P4790); Staphylococcus aureus (P5020) Staphylococcus aureus (T1266) Table 2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram-positive bacteria against different antibiotics. Antibiotics Staphylococcus aureus P5020 T1266 P4790 Ampicillin S NT NT Aug S NT NT Augmentin S S S Cefoxitin (FOX) S S S Ceftriox S NT NT Cefurrox S NT NT Cephaloth S S S Cip: GATI S S S Cip: LEVO S S S Cip: MOXI S S S 13
Antibiotics Staphylococcus aureus P5020 T1266 P4790 Clinda S NT NT Clindamycin S R R Cotrimoxozole S S R Erythro S NT NT Erythromycin R R R Fucid. Acid S S S Gentamycin R R R Levo S NT NT Linezolid S S S Oxa R NT NT Oxa: Clox S S S Oxa: methi S S S Pen S NT NT Penicillin R R R Rifampicin S S S Telcoplanin (TEI) S S S Telithro S NT NT Tetra R NT NT Vancomycin S S S Venco S NT NT R = resistant, S = sensitive, NT = not tested 2.4 LIST OF CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS Acetic acid (Ferene) Acetic anhydride (Ferene) Ammonium solution (Ferene) Benzene (Ferene) Chloroform (Ferene) Dichloromethane (Adogene) Dimethylsulfoxide (Adogene) Dioxane (Adogene) 14
Page 1 and 2: Antimicrobial activity testing of t
Page 3 and 4: 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
Page 5 and 6: Appendix I: Research questionnaire
Page 7 and 8: 2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
Page 9 and 10: 2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
Page 11 and 12: Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
Page 16 and 17: legislation in South Africa, which
Page 18 and 19: 1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
Page 22 and 23: Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
Page 24 and 25: Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
Page 28 and 29: Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
Page 30 and 31: The plates were observed for the pr
Page 32 and 33: 2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
Page 34 and 35: 3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
Page 36 and 37: 3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
Page 38 and 39: Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
Page 42 and 43: Botanical description Baccharoides
Page 44 and 45: Data from ethnobotanical survey The
Page 46 and 47: 3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
Page 48 and 49: 3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55: 3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57: 3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
Page 58 and 59: Botanical description The marula is
Page 60 and 61: The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77:
haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79:
4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
Page 80 and 81:
Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83:
PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93:
The use of American Type Culture Co
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mentioned strain which were Acantho
Page 96 and 97:
In this study it was found that Aco
Page 98 and 99:
5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
Page 100 and 101:
cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
Page 102 and 103:
Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
Page 104 and 105:
Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
Page 106 and 107:
Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
Page 110 and 111:
6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
Page 112 and 113:
the results obtained from the agar
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e at least effective as forest guar
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Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
Page 118 and 119:
Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
Page 120 and 121:
McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
Page 122 and 123:
Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
Page 124 and 125:
Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
Page 126 and 127:
APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
Page 128 and 129:
___________________________________
Page 130 and 131:
APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
Page 132 and 133:
a + 2 Average Calculation of result
Page 134 and 135:
Sensitivity of different bacteria a
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158:
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