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Data from ethnobotanical survey The stem is mixed with cold water and a quarter of a cup of the mixture is drunk three times a day for sores (Zondo 2007, pers. comm.). Chemical content No information on its chemical contents was found. 3.2.6 Scientific name : Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. Zulu name : Umdubu Common name : Bush willow Figure 3.8 Combretum erythrophyllum in flower. (www.metafro.be/prelude/prelude_pic/combretum_erythrophyllum1.jpg) Botanical description This is a medium to large deciduous tree with reddish autumn colors. Its flowers are cream to pale yellow. Its fruits are small, four-winged and a greenish-brown color ripening to yellowish brown and drying to a honey-brown. They remain on the tree for a long time and are reputed to be poisonous, causing hiccups. The bark is a pale brown, smooth but flaking with age to expose grey patches, which gives it a mottled appearance. Knob-like outgrowths commonly occur in older trees, giving them an old, gnarled look. The young leaves are yellowish and shiny, maturing to a fresh mid- green. The trees of the plant are often multi-stemmed and somewhat willow-like in habit (Le Roux, 2003). 31
Distribution This species is found in the northeastern part of southern Africa, from Zimbabwe in the north, down to the Eastern Cape in the south, with a thin line following the Orange River westward. This is a riverine species occurring alongside rivers or away from rivers where sufficient groundwater is available. It is found at almost all altitudes and can, therefore, tolerate a fair amount of climatic variation and diverse soils, such as heavy black loam, sandy riverine alluvium and granite sand (Le Roux, 2003). Conservation status No information on its conservation status was found. Medicinal uses The roots, which are regarded as poisonous, are used as a purgative and to treat venereal diseases (Van Wyk et al. 2000). Data from ethnobotanical survey The bark is mixed with other herbs (unknown) to make a decoction that is drunk in the morning and evening, quarter of a cup for sores (Buthelezi 2007, pers. comm.). Chemical content The leaves yield seven flavonoids, four of these were identified as flavonols and three were identified as flavones. Six of these flavonoids were being reported for the first time (kaempferol, rhamnocotrin, rhamnazin, quiercetin-5, 3’ dimethylether, genkwanin and 5- hydroxyl-4’, 7- dimethoxyflavone) (Le Roux, 2003). 32
Page 1 and 2: Antimicrobial activity testing of t
Page 3 and 4: 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
Page 5 and 6: Appendix I: Research questionnaire
Page 7 and 8: 2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
Page 9 and 10: 2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
Page 11 and 12: Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
Page 16 and 17: legislation in South Africa, which
Page 18 and 19: 1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
Page 20 and 21: Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
Page 22 and 23: Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
Page 24 and 25: Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
Page 26 and 27: Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
Page 28 and 29: Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
Page 30 and 31: The plates were observed for the pr
Page 32 and 33: 2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
Page 34 and 35: 3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
Page 36 and 37: 3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
Page 38 and 39: Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
Page 42 and 43: Botanical description Baccharoides
Page 46 and 47: 3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
Page 48 and 49: 3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55: 3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57: 3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
Page 58 and 59: Botanical description The marula is
Page 60 and 61: The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77: haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79: 4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93: The use of American Type Culture Co
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mentioned strain which were Acantho
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In this study it was found that Aco
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5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
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cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
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Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
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Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
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Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
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Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
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6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
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the results obtained from the agar
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e at least effective as forest guar
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Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
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Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
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McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
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Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
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Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
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APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
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___________________________________
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APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
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a + 2 Average Calculation of result
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Sensitivity of different bacteria a
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Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
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MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
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