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The use of American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) bacterial strains is due to the fact that they are standard cultures; and, as such, it is a source of over 60 000 authenticated, viable cultures; and the world’s premier biological culture respository. This fact assures medical and biological scientists of the reliability of their culture. Neomycin was used as a positive control because it inhibits the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Marshal & Williams, 2003). Its selection was because of its high percentage of peptidoglycan compared to gentamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, streptomycin and kanamycin. It was used in the treatment of topical infections (Dollery, 1991). The negative control, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), is a colourless liquid and an important polar solvent which dissolves both polar and non-polar compounds from a plant. It is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents including water. It has the distinctive property of penetrating the human skin very readily. Amongst the test microorganisms used, the Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6051) was found to be the most sensitive to the different plant extracts, followed by the Bacillus subtilis. Escherichia coli were the least sensitive bacteria as it causes diarrhoea and the plants collected where specifically for treating wounds. 4.5 MINIMUM INHIBITION CONCENTRATION (MIC) 4.5.1 MIC results The MIC results for the plant species tested against the different microorganisms are presented in Tables 4.10 – 4.13 (appendix II). 4.5.2 Discussion The acetone extracts of Acanthospermum australe (leaves), Baccharoides adoensis (leaves) and the methanol extracts of Acanthospermum australe (leaves and stem) and Solanum aculeustrum (root) have MIC values of ≤ 6.25 mg/ml against Bacillus 79
subtilis (Table 4.10). The acetone extracts of Albizia adianthifolia (leaves and stem), Combretum erythrophyllum, Gerbera ambigua, Gunnera perpensa, Hypericum aethiopicum (leaves), Ziziphus mucronata (stem) and methanol extracts of Acanthospermum australe (stem), Baccharoides adoensis (stem), Combretum erythrophyllum, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Hypericum aethiopicum (leaves), Sclerocarya birrea (bark) and Warbugia salutaris (leaves) have MIC values of ≤ 6.25 mg/ml against Klebsiella pneumoniae (Table 4.15). In the case of hot water extract of Combretum erythrophyllum the MIC value was ≤ 6.25 against Klebsiella pneumoniae (Table 4.15). Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6051) was inhibited by acetone extracts of Acanthospermum australe (stem), Hypericum aethiopicum (leaves and stem), Pentanisia prunelloides, Trichilia dregeana (leaves) and methanol extracts of Acanthospermum australe (stem), Albizia adianthifolia (leaves), Combretum erythrophyllum, Gerbera ambigua, Gunnera perpensa, Hypericum aethiopicum (leaves), Pentanisia prunelloides, Sclerocarya birrea (bark), Solanum aculeastrum (stem and leaves), Trichilia dregeana (leaves) and Warbugia salutaris (stem) (Table 4.16). Staphylococcus aureus P5020 was inhibited by the acetone extract of Acanthospermum australe (stem), Gunnera perpensa, Hypericum aethiopicum (leaves), Warbugia salutaris (leaves) and methanol plant extracts of Clerodendium hirsutum, Combretum erythrophyllum, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Gunnera perpensa, Hypericum aethiopicum (leaves), Lippia javanica (leaves), Sclerocarya birrea (bark), Solanum aculeastrume (stem and root) and Trichilia dregeana (stem). Only one hot water extract inhibited the above mentioned strain and that is Warbugia salutaris (stem) (Table 4.18). Staphylococcus aureus 4790 was inhibited by 23 acetone extracts which were Acanthospermum australe (leaves), Acorus calamus, Albizia adianthifolia (stem and leaves), Baccharoides adoensis (stem and leaves), Combretum erythrophyllum, Clerodendium hirsutum, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Gerbera ambigua, Gunnera perpensa, Hypericum aethiopicum (leaves and stem), Lippia javanica (leaves and stem), Pentanisia prunelloides, Sclerocarya birrea (bark), Solanum aculeastrum (stem and root),Trichilia dregeana (leaves), Warbugia salutaris (leaves and stem), Ziziphus mucronata (stem) and 14 methanol plant extracts inhibited the above 80
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Antimicrobial activity testing of t
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3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
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Appendix I: Research questionnaire
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2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
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2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
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Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
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legislation in South Africa, which
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1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
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Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
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Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
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Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
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Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
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Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
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The plates were observed for the pr
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2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
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3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
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3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
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Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
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Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
Page 42 and 43: Botanical description Baccharoides
Page 44 and 45: Data from ethnobotanical survey The
Page 46 and 47: 3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
Page 48 and 49: 3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55: 3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57: 3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
Page 58 and 59: Botanical description The marula is
Page 60 and 61: The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77: haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79: 4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 94 and 95: mentioned strain which were Acantho
Page 96 and 97: In this study it was found that Aco
Page 98 and 99: 5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
Page 100 and 101: cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
Page 102 and 103: Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
Page 104 and 105: Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
Page 106 and 107: Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
Page 108 and 109: Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
Page 110 and 111: 6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
Page 112 and 113: the results obtained from the agar
Page 114 and 115: e at least effective as forest guar
Page 116 and 117: Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
Page 118 and 119: Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
Page 120 and 121: McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
Page 122 and 123: Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
Page 124 and 125: Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
Page 126 and 127: APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
Page 128 and 129: ___________________________________
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
Page 132 and 133: a + 2 Average Calculation of result
Page 134 and 135: Sensitivity of different bacteria a
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Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
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Sensitivity of different bacteria a
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MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
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