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Sensitivity of different bacteria against methanol plant extracts (mm) ATCC CULTURES SA SA SA EC EC EC PLANT NAMES BS KP SA EC P5020 P4790 T1266 U1505S U16406 U16403 Warburgia 15 _ 20 16 15 _ _ - - - salutaris (leaves) Ziziphus 15 _ 26 _ _ 12 18 - - - mucronata (stem) Ziziphus 20 _ 23 _ _ 13 _ 16 14 11 mucronata (leaves) Neomycin 17 15 30 21 18 20 18 19 13 16 BS – Bacillus subtilis, KP – Klebsiella pneumonia, SA – Staphylococcus aureus, EC – Escherichia coli. Average Calculation of results: a – Measurement of zone of inhibition in vertical direction, b – measurement of zone of inhibition in horizontal direction. Table 4.4 Results of sensitivity of different bacteria against cold water plant extracts. DMSO and neomycin (0.1mg/ml) as negative and positive controls respectively. Sensitivity of different bacteria against cold water plant extracts (mm) ATTC CULTURES SA SA SA EC EC EC PLANT NAMES BS KP SA EC P5020 P4790 T1266 U1505S U16406 U16403 Acanthospermum 9 - 7 - - - - - - - australe (stem) Acanthospermum 15 - 5 - - - - - - - australe (leaves) Acorus calamu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 - - Albizia adianthifolia - - - - - - - - - - (stem) Albizia adianthifolia (leaves) 121
Sensitivity of different bacteria against cold water plant extracts (mm) ATCC CULTURES SA SA SA EC EC EC PLANT NAMES BS KP SA EC P5020 P4790 T1266 U1505S U16406 U16403 Baccharoides - - - - - - - - - - adoensis (stem) Baccharoides - - - - - - - - - - adoensis (leaves) Clerodendium 9 - - - - - - 11 - - hirsutum Combretum 10 - - - - - - - - - erythrophyllum Faurea saligna - - 7 - - - - - - - Gerbera ambigua 12 - - - - - 13 - - - Gunnera 10 10 7 - 15 - 11 - - - perpensa Hypericum 9 14 - - 11 10 - - - - aethiopicum (leaves) Hypericum 8 - - - - 13 - - - - aethiopicum (stem) Hypoxis 11 - 9 - - - - 14 - - hemerocallidea Lippia javanica - - - - - - - - - - (leaves) Lippia javanica - - - - - - - - - - (stem) Pentanisia - - 4 - - - - - - - prunelloides Sclerocarya birrea 8 - - - - - - 17 - 10 6 - - - - - - - - - Sclerocarya birrea (bark) 122
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Antimicrobial activity testing of t
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3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
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Appendix I: Research questionnaire
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2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
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2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
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Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
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legislation in South Africa, which
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1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
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Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
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Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
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Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
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Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
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Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
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The plates were observed for the pr
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2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
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3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
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3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
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Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
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Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
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Botanical description Baccharoides
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Data from ethnobotanical survey The
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3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
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3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
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emerge from the crown and bear a si
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Conservation status The species is
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3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
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3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
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Botanical description The marula is
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The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
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Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
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3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
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3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
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According to the interviews that we
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CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
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factor in selecting resistant micro
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present in a cow’s udder or equip
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haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
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4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
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Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
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PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 84 and 85: Table 4.18 Comparison of results ob
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 88 and 89: Table 4.21 Comparison of results ob
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93: The use of American Type Culture Co
Page 94 and 95: mentioned strain which were Acantho
Page 96 and 97: In this study it was found that Aco
Page 98 and 99: 5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
Page 100 and 101: cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
Page 102 and 103: Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
Page 104 and 105: Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
Page 106 and 107: Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
Page 108 and 109: Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
Page 110 and 111: 6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
Page 112 and 113: the results obtained from the agar
Page 114 and 115: e at least effective as forest guar
Page 116 and 117: Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
Page 118 and 119: Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
Page 120 and 121: McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
Page 122 and 123: Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
Page 124 and 125: Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
Page 126 and 127: APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
Page 128 and 129: ___________________________________
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
Page 132 and 133: a + 2 Average Calculation of result
Page 136 and 137: Sensitivity of different bacteria a
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
Page 150 and 151: MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
Page 154 and 155: Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
Page 158: MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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