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4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The disc diffusion results for the plant species tested against the different microorganisms are presented in Tables 4.6 – 4.9 (appendix II). 4.4.3 Discussion Three methods were carried out for antimicrobial activity; this was to learn and compare the efficacy of each method. The tables show the inhibition results of the plant extracts from 10 mm and above. The few variations in results between the disc diffusion and agar well diffusion results can possible be explain by the different susceptibility of the bacterium to the plant extract, the rate of growth of bacteria, solvents used to extract the plant compounds and the rate of plant extract diffusion. The plants which were bought at the Muthi Market (Empangeni) for treating sores and wounds are widely used medicinally in rural areas. Some people from the community mentioned that they buy the muthi from the market because it’s not available in their area (Madonsela 2007, pers. comm). These plants did have some inhibiting effect on some of the bacteria which were tested. Table 4.14 Comparison of results obtained for antibacterial testing against Bacillus subtilis. PLANT NAMES Agar well results Disc diffusion results 65 MIC Acet Met Cold Hot Acet Met Cold Hot Acet Met Cold Hot Acanthospermum australe (stem) + + - - + + - - - + - - Acanthospermum austral (leaves) + + + - + + + + - + - - Acorus calamus - + - - - - - - - - - - Albizia adianthifolia (stem) - - - - - - - - - - - - Albizia adianthifolia (leaves) - - - - - - - - - - - - Baccharoides adoensis (stem) - - - - - - - - - - - - Baccharoides adoensis (leaves) - - - - - - - + - - - - Clerodendium hirsutum - + - - - + + - - - - - Combretum erythrophyllum + + + - + + - - + + - - Faurea saligna - + - - - + - - - - - -
PLANT NAMES Agar well results Disc diffusion results 66 MIC Acet Met Cold Hot Acet Met Cold Hot Acet Met Cold Hot Gerbera ambigua - + + - - + + - - + - - Gunnera perpensa + + + - + + - - + + - - Hypericum aethiopicum (leaves) + + - - + + + - - + - - Hypericum aethiopicum (stem) + + - + + + - - - + - - Hypoxis hemerocallidea - + + - - + + - - - - - Lippia javanica (leaves) - - - - - - + - - - - - Lippia javanica (stem) - - - - - - - - - - - - Pentanisia prunelloides - - - - - - - - - - - - Sclerocarya birrea + + - - + + - - - - - - Sclerocarya birrea (bark) + + - - + + - - - - - - Solanum uculeastrum (stem) + + - - - + - - - - - - Solanum aculeastrum (leaves) + - - - + - - - - - - - Solanum uculeastrum (root) - - - - - - - - - + - - Trichilia dregeana (stem) + + - - + + - - - - - - Trichilia dregeana (leaves) + + - - + + - - - - - - Warburgia salutaris (leaves) - + - - - + - - - - - - Warburgia salutaris (stem) - + - - - + - - - + - - Ziziphus mucronata (stem) + + - - + + - - - + - - Ziziphus mucronata (leaves) + + - - + + - - - + - - Neomycin + + + + + + + + + + + + Acet = Acetone; Met = Methanol; Cold = Cold water; Hot = Hot water + = ≥ 10mm; - = ≤10mm; (MIC) + = ≤ 6.25; - = ≥ 6.25
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Antimicrobial activity testing of t
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3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
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Appendix I: Research questionnaire
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2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
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2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
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Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
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legislation in South Africa, which
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1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
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Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
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Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
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Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
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Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
Page 28 and 29: Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
Page 30 and 31: The plates were observed for the pr
Page 32 and 33: 2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
Page 34 and 35: 3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
Page 36 and 37: 3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
Page 38 and 39: Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
Page 42 and 43: Botanical description Baccharoides
Page 44 and 45: Data from ethnobotanical survey The
Page 46 and 47: 3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
Page 48 and 49: 3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
Page 50 and 51: emerge from the crown and bear a si
Page 52 and 53: Conservation status The species is
Page 54 and 55: 3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
Page 56 and 57: 3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
Page 58 and 59: Botanical description The marula is
Page 60 and 61: The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77: haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93: The use of American Type Culture Co
Page 94 and 95: mentioned strain which were Acantho
Page 96 and 97: In this study it was found that Aco
Page 98 and 99: 5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
Page 100 and 101: cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
Page 102 and 103: Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
Page 104 and 105: Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
Page 106 and 107: Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
Page 108 and 109: Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
Page 110 and 111: 6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
Page 112 and 113: the results obtained from the agar
Page 114 and 115: e at least effective as forest guar
Page 116 and 117: Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
Page 118 and 119: Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
Page 120 and 121: McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
Page 122 and 123: Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
Page 124 and 125: Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
Page 126 and 127: APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
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APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
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a + 2 Average Calculation of result
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Sensitivity of different bacteria a
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Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
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MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
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