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e at least effective as forest guards and could draw on conservation or forest guard support where necessary. It is recommended that the preparation of the extracts resemble the methods of preparation which are used by the people. In that way more positive results can be found. It is also recommended that further work be done on the isolation and the identification of the most effective antimicrobial compounds responsible for the inhibition of the micro-organisms tested. This study lends thus some support to traditional knowledge and may serve as a basis for selecting the most active medicinal plants to use in traditional medicine practices in the future. 101
REFERENCES Acocks, J.P.H., 1988. Veld types of South Africa, Edition 3. Memoirs of botanical survey of South Africa No 57. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria. Adamu, H.M., Abayeh, O.J., Agho, M.O., Abdulahi, A.L., Uba, A., Dukku, H.U., Wufem, B.M., 2004. An ethnobotanical survey of Bauchi State herbal plants and their antimicrobial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99: 1-4. Akerreta, S., Cavero, R.Y., Calvo, M.I., 2007. First comprehensive contribution to medical ethnobotany of western Pyrenees. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3: 26. Ambrosius, P., 2003. How the Barberton daisy got its name. Journal of Veld and Flora 89(1): 30. Aymerich, S., Gonzy-Treboul, G. Steinmets, M., 1986. 5’-Noncoding region sac R is the target of all identified regulation affecting the levansucrase gene in Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Bacteriology 166: 993-998. Banquar, S.R., 1995. The role of traditional medicine in rural environment. In: Issaq, S., (editor), Traditional medicine in Africa, East Africa Educational Publishers Ltd., Nairobi, pp. 141-142. Benson, J., Margulis, L., 2002. The Gunnera manitica - Nostoc symbiosis: Is the red stipulate tissue symbiogenetic? Biology and Environment: proceeding of the Royal Irish Academy 102b: 45-48. Bergman, B., Johansson, C., Söderbäck, E., 1992. Tansley Review No. 42: the Nostoc – Gunnera symbiosis. New Phytologist 122: 379–400. Bohlmann, F., Zdero, C., King, R.M., Robinson, H., 1980. New sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents from Fitchia speciosa. Phytochemistry 19: 1141-1143. 102
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Antimicrobial activity testing of t
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3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plants used
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Appendix I: Research questionnaire
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2.5 Sensitivity table of MDR Gram p
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2n diploid Abbreviations ATCC Ameri
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Dedication My sincere thanks and gr
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Plants have
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legislation in South Africa, which
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1.1 OBJECTIVES The objectives of th
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Table 2.1 Plants that were collecte
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Scientific names Zulu names Parts u
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Surname Gender Place Age-range M. D
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Antibiotics Escherichia coli U16403
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Dragendorff’s reagent Ethanol (Fe
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The plates were observed for the pr
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2.6.4 Anthraquinones Dried plant ma
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3.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 ETHNOBOT
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3.2.1 Scientific name : Acanthosper
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Medicinal uses The Acorus calamus i
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Figure 3.5 The fruits of Albizia ad
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Botanical description Baccharoides
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Data from ethnobotanical survey The
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3.2.7 Scientific name : Hypoxis hem
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3.2.8 Scientific name : Faurea sali
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emerge from the crown and bear a si
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Conservation status The species is
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3.2.12 Scientific name : Lippia jav
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3.2.13 Scientific name : Pentanisia
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Botanical description The marula is
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The lobed discolorous leaves, the m
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Figure 3.21 The leaves of Trichilia
Page 64 and 65: 3.2.17 Scientific name : Warburgia
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.18 Scientific name : Ziziphus m
Page 68 and 69: According to the interviews that we
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 4.
Page 72 and 73: factor in selecting resistant micro
Page 74 and 75: present in a cow’s udder or equip
Page 76 and 77: haemolysins, leukocidin, and perhap
Page 78 and 79: 4.4.2 Disc diffusion results The di
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15 Comparison of results ob
Page 82 and 83: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA Dis
Page 86 and 87: PLANT NAMES Agar well result SA4790
Page 90 and 91: PLANT NAMES Agar well result ECU164
Page 92 and 93: The use of American Type Culture Co
Page 94 and 95: mentioned strain which were Acantho
Page 96 and 97: In this study it was found that Aco
Page 98 and 99: 5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHE
Page 100 and 101: cleansers. They are used in Ayurved
Page 102 and 103: Plant species Alkaloids Flavonoids
Page 104 and 105: Trichilia dregeana in this study wh
Page 106 and 107: Rf =Distance moved by the compound/
Page 108 and 109: Figure 6.5 The TLC plate (left) and
Page 110 and 111: 6.3 DISCUSSION The bio-autoautograp
Page 112 and 113: the results obtained from the agar
Page 116 and 117: Brain, K.R., Turner T.D., 1975. The
Page 118 and 119: Howard, P.L., 2003. Women and Plant
Page 120 and 121: McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K., van Stade
Page 122 and 123: Portillo, A., Vila, R., Freixa, B.,
Page 124 and 125: Van Vuuren, S., 2007. The antimicro
Page 126 and 127: APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire
Page 128 and 129: ___________________________________
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX II: Antimicrobial activity
Page 132 and 133: a + 2 Average Calculation of result
Page 134 and 135: Sensitivity of different bacteria a
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.7 Results of sensitivity of
Page 150 and 151: MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
Page 154 and 155: Table 4.12 Minimum inhibitory conce
Page 158: MIC results in mg/ml ATTC CULTURES
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