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Ireland and the Making of Britain andria and Origen. Their favorite gospel was St. John. They made much use of the "Vetus Itala," an older bib- lical version than the Vulgate of Jerome, which displaced it. The Book of Psalms was their vade-mecum of praise and prayer, and many of them knew it by heart. With some the recital of the "Three Fifties" was a daily prac- tise. Their wide acquaintance with the old classical writers is further shown by which occur in their works, and by the reproductions of them in the Irish script or in Irish foundations all over the reminiscences of them Europe. In the great monastic universities, as well as in the lay schools, degrees were conferred just as they are conferred in the universities of to-day. There could be no clearer proof of the thoroughgoing character of Irish education, of the single-hearted pursuit of learning in the widest sense obtainable, and of the solid hard work of the scholars, than the elaborate system of graduation in learning and the professions which the Irish schools had developed in that early age. The "seven grades of wisdom" were carefully distinguished not merely in the schools but by the old national laws, and they are as numerous and distinctive as the academic titles and initials of mod- ern times Senators, Fellows, LL.D., M.A., A.B., and the like. In the old Irish system each degree represented a year of study, and there were degrees both for the students and the professors, in the case of the first covering seven years, and in the case of the second, covering fourteen. The degrees marking the student's career beginning from the lowest to the highest were: Felmac, Freimeidhed, Fursaindidh, Sruth do Aill, Sai, Anruth, and Rosai. In addition to these, the higher degrees for the professor were Caogdach, Foghlaintidhe, Desgibal, Staruidhe, 40
Bridging the Old World and the New Foirceadlaidhe, Sair Canoine, and Drumcli. The High Professor was also called an Ollamh (Ollave), which represented the highest degree in every profession or branch of learning. There were degrees conferred in the pro- fessional and lay schools which will be mentioned later, and degrees which represented other distinctions, all of which are described in the Brehon law treatises; but these may be taken as representative. 1 i Brehon Laws, Vol. IV, Sequel of the Crith Gablach; pp. 357-9; V, Small Primer; Cormac's Glossary, pp. 5, 6, 34, 53; Keating', History, pp. 446, 454. Se also Healy, Ireland's Ancient Schools and Scholars, p. 596, seq.; Joyce, Social Hist. I, Chap. XI (Learning and Education) pp. 396-471; Richey, Short Hist, p. 83; Cambrensis Eversus, 277 seq.; O'Curry, Man. and Customs, I, 79-83.
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IRELAND AND THE MAKING OF BRITAIN 1
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CHAPTER IX THE IRISH KINGDOM OF SCO
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Ireland and the Making 3. THE FACTS
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4JU- A Ireland and the Making of Br
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CHAPTER XVI ROMAN AND IRISH MISSION
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CHAPTER XVII FIRST STEPS OF THE ENG
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CHAPTER XVIII FRUITS OF THE IRISH A
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CHAPTER XX CENTERS OF IRISH INFLUEN
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CHAPTER XXI IRISH TUTELAGE OF ENGLA
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CHAPTER XXII CURRENT OF IRISH CIVIL
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IN APPENDIX B THE IRISH PROVINCE OF
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APPENDIX C THE HIGH MONARCHS OF IRE
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THERE APPENDIX D IRISH KINGS OF SCO
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Alliaco, Cardinal, 191. Alphabet, R
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Books in Ireland, 38-40. Bosa, 222.
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Chronicles of Stephen, cited, 326.
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Danes, crushed by Irish at Clontarf
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Eochaidh Muighmeadhoin, 164. Eoghan
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Green, John Richard, Letters of, 86
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Christian, 110-113; civilization of
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Lactantius, known to Irish, 39, 300
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Molurg in Lismore, 155. Mon. Germ.
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expulsion of English from, 325- 326
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founds hospital at St. Ursanne, 18.
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(TEACHERS' Reference Library WILLOW
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