People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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operating independent systems, may be overburdening anganwadi workers and others with reporting demands. The weakness of identification is in part lack of local capacity, for which there remain major training needs. Improved initial identification needs to be complemented with strengthening of SSA’s simple systems for ongoing school-based assessment of emerging (and often easily reversible) disabilities. However, the broader question relates to pre-school age screening for which MHRD is not responsible, and this is a critical area for further work. All new school construction should be physically accessible and current efforts of retrofitting accelerated. The provisions of the PWD Act to support children with disabilities in reaching school also need more serious attention, ad focusing on the final stages of access is meaningless if children have not been able to access the vicinity of the school. 4.73. Improving the quality of education services: GOI should require all states to develop a strategy for delivering education to children with special needs, in order that SSA and other central funds can be allocated in a less mechanical manner. This strategy would assist in improving the currently poor expenditure performance, and more importantly move the system towards a more child-centered allocation which can provide parents and local authorities with more options and greater accountability for resource use. Second, a key element of strategy execution must be making the special needs resource centre model operational. In many states, this will require piloting of different models with good evaluation. Third, current efforts to make the curriculum accessible and adapted to the learning needs of children with disabilities need to be accelerated. For special education curricula, greater efforts to assess the needs of children in activities of daily living and focus learning materials on acquisition of these skills is required. Fourth, as part of this strategy, the Government could also ensure that special education knowledge is imparted to all teachers in pre-service training. Basic training of educational administrators would also be necessary in order to ensure that teachers are encouraged to use their disability-specific skills. In this regard, it would be important to review the performance of Rehabilitation Council of India in its training provision and regulation role. 4.74. Strengthening education institutions. This reform would first involve a more direct institutional relationship with MHRD rather than MSJE. Shifting all special education under MHRD, so that planning, financing and monitoring of the education of all children with special needs in the public and aided systems can be done in a coherent manner. Ensuring VECs, CBR groups, womens’ groups, and other community organizations are actively engaged in the importance of educating children with special needs, and familiarized with the benefits for all children educationally and socially will also be important. Finally, as in the case of health service delivery, overcoming weaknesses in public sector implementation by developing public/private partnerships, learning from NGO sector innovations in education of children with special needs, and deepening public/NGO partnerships in those states where they are lagging will be important. -83-
CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES 5.1. Employment is a critical element of independent living, and previous research has found that it is a primary aspiration of people with disabilities in India. 122 Earlier chapters have shown that the large majority of PWD in India are capable of productive work, in the bulk of cases without the need for aids or appliances. This chapter explores trends in employment status of PWD in India up to the early 2000s, as well as public and non-governmental interventions to improve employment opportunities for PWD. A. Labor Market status of PWD 5.2. (i) Employment rates: In all countries, the employment rates of PWD are lower than for the non-PWD population. This is true even in high income countries with the most progressive employment practices and strong active labor market programs. This can be seen in Figure 5.1. India’s ratio of PWD to non-PWD employment rates is around average for the group shown, though one would expect the negative welfare consequences of lower employment rates for PWD in India to be greater due to the much weaker social security system. The countryspecific ratio does not appear to be linked simply to income levels, with Japan with a 38 percent ratio and Norway with 76 percent both being very high income. Internationally, PWD employment rates are significantly below the rest of the population Figure 5.1: Employment rates of PWD and non-PWD, various countries Figure *: Employment rates of PWD and non-PWD, varous countries % of working age population 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Australia Germany UK Mexico India Japan Nether Norway S. Africa Serbia Sweden USA Sources: OECD (2003); Mitra and Sambamoorthi (2005). Japan – physical disabilities only. India and Serbia – non-PWD column general population. 5.3. While international comparison is of interest, the more important comparisons are across groups and over time within India itself. Figures 5.2 and 5.3 summarize information from NSS sources for the early 1990s and the early 2000s for both urban/rural and by gender. Some points of interest include: • PWDs have lower employment rates than the general population across all main locational and gender cuts. • the PWD employment rate actually fell from 42.7 percent in 1991 down to 37.6 percent in 2002. The five percentage point difference results in part from the different sample, as persons with mental illness or retardation were not counted as PWD in the 47 th round, and were in the 58 th round, where they were the PWD sub-groups with the lowest employment rates. However, the finding on a reduced PWD employment rate between the early 1990s 122 Lang (2000). -84-
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PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
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NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
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Out of school rates for CWD are hig
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needs to respond more proactively t
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government strategies for promoting
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Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
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40. In early 2006, a National Polic
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should move to implement the Act’
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54. Addressing current and future p
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disability SHGs, which has been sho
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have comparative advantage is putti
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extent of individual functioning du
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converting income into well-being o
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21. In light of the challenges that
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not be explained by this. The major
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Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
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The share of disability impact due
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• It is also important to recall
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1.17. A second issue with obvious i
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Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
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Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
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• overall, there is low acceptanc
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Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
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different areas, as for example the
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governmental sectors drive home the
Page 61 and 62: Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
Page 63 and 64: • onset of mental disabilities is
Page 65 and 66: 3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
Page 67 and 68: B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70: 3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72: almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74: PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80: Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82: Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84: 3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86: including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88: A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90: 4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92: • significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96: Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98: 4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100: only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102: The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104: IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106: part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108: well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110: performance in the schooling system
Page 111: DLROs has contributed to West Benga
Page 115 and 116: atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
Page 119 and 120: • the relative wages of PWD to no
Page 121 and 122: of age and disability status. Multi
Page 123 and 124: 5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126: equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128: 5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
Page 129 and 130: consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132: exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134: Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135 and 136: Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
Page 137 and 138: D. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 139 and 140: is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146: Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
Page 147 and 148: 6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150: 6.35. While the design of the insur
Page 151 and 152: people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154: 7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156: 7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158: • in the area of education, the p
Page 159 and 160: awareness raising about disability
Page 161 and 162: more formal institutions in disabil
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7.28 There is little detailed analy
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Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
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systematically related to the numbe
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• collaboration between NGOs and
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moving to improved outcomes for PWD
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CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
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Box 8.1: International and regional
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The comparison of institutional arr
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laudable, there are concerns that m
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ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
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of prevalence estimates across the
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person will be treated as having
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People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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