People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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• overall, unconditional acceptance of a PWD marrying a non-PWD was found in only around half of households. This did not show much state variation. Qualitative work undertaken in parallel with the survey revealed that there was wider acceptance of PWD men marrying non-PWD women than the reverse, particularly if the men were well-off. 36 The insight is supported by survey findings from Gujarat of women with disabilities having more than double the rate of spouses with disabilities. 37 In addition, communities indicated that it would generally be easier for people with the same disabilities to marry. • at the same time, more than a quarter of households in TN felt that a PWD should never marry a non-PWD. On this issue, the difference with UP were very pronounced. • despite the majority acceptance of the possibility of PWD/non-PWD marriage, around half respondents felt that dowry would always need to be adjusted in such cases. Figure 2.3: Acceptance of PWD marrying non- PWD Figure 2.4: Opinion on need for dowry adjustment if PWD marries non-PWD Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 DK DK Never Sometimes TN UP All Never Sometimes TN UP All Always/almost Always/almost 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % of respondents 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % of respondents Source: UP and TN village survey, 2005. DK = don’t know/can’t say. 2.9. An important associated question was the perceived capacity of women with different disabilities to have children and care for them. Much sociological literature from India notes the fundamental importance of these roles in defining womanhood. 38 Exclusion from marriage and child rearing results in “social obscurity and annulment of femininity”. 39 The results from the UP and TN survey are presented in Table 2.2 below by disability type on the proportion of households agreeing with the statement that women with specific disabilities can always/almost always have and care for children. The main points to note are: • overall, positive perceptions on the ability of disabled women to have and care for children are minority views. • there is strong variation by disability type in positive perceptions, with again mental illness and mental retardation attracting the strongest negative attitudes. • there are sharp variations by state in the perceptions with respect to different disabilities. 40 36 ORG-MARG (2006). This is consistent with research on disability and marriage by Bhambani (2005), and from Erb and Harriss-White, op.cit. 37 Unnati and Handicap International, op.cit. 38 See Desai and Krishnaraj (199*); Coleridge (1992); Ghai (2003). 39 Ghai. Op.cit. 40 Research from AP found that around two thirds of respondents agreed that PWD could have happy family lives, further suggesting the possibility of inter-state variations in attitudes. Rao et al, op.cit. -25-
Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of capacity of women with disabilities to have and care for children, UP and TN, 2005 (%) Disability All UP TN Locomotor 53.7 65.8 41.4 Vision 34.8 58.6 10.6 Hearing/speech 65 57.7 72.5 Mental illness 6.9 13.4 0.3 MR 3.6 7.2 0 Source: UP and TN village survey, 2005. % of respondents answering “always/almost always” to statement “Women with [specified] disabilities are capable of having and caring for children”. 2.10. A final important element of intra-household attitudes and community views relates to violence against women with disabilities. This is a subject on which little quantitative research has been done to date in India. However, a recent study from Orissa indicates that women with disabilities were subject to significant domestic abuse and sexual abuse, and that the situation was sharply worse for women with mental impairments relative to women with other types of disabilities. 41 Results are presented in Figure 2.5 below. The results for rape are the most shocking, with fully one quarter of women with mental disabilities reporting having been raped (with the large majority carried out by family members), and almost 13 percent of women with locomotor, visual and hearing disabilities. In only a small share of cases did the women report the abuse to her family, and in the vast majority of those cases the reaction of the family was either not to listen or to pretend nothing had happened. Women with disabilities in Orissa report high rates of physical and sexual abuse, particularly for women with mental disabilities Figure 2.5: Women with disabilities reporting physical and sexual abuse, Orissa, 2005 Figure 2.5 Unwanted touching Rape Mental LD/VI/HI Physical abuse 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % of respondents Source: Swabhiman (2005). Physical abuse = “being beaten at home”. Unwanted touching = “touching, pinching etc”. 2.11. In the UP and TN survey, households were also asked about participation of PWD in community activities like festival and religious celebrations, and on participation in local political and group activities such as gram sabhas and farmers’ associations. The results, presented in Figure 2.6, are far more positive than several of the attitudes presented above. Overall, there was high agreement with the proposition that PWD should always be allowed to participate in community activities, and almost as strong agreement that they should be included in local political and group activities. In both cases, the share of respondents indicating that PWD should never be allowed to participate was only around 1 percent. 41 The results on higher levels of abuse are supported by research such as that of ActionAid in AP. -26-
Page 1 and 2:
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
Page 3 and 4: Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7 and 8: Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
Page 9 and 10: Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
Page 11 and 12: NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
Page 13 and 14: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 15 and 16: needs to respond more proactively t
Page 17 and 18: government strategies for promoting
Page 19 and 20: Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
Page 21 and 22: 40. In early 2006, a National Polic
Page 23 and 24: should move to implement the Act’
Page 25 and 26: 54. Addressing current and future p
Page 27 and 28: disability SHGs, which has been sho
Page 29 and 30: have comparative advantage is putti
Page 31 and 32: extent of individual functioning du
Page 33 and 34: converting income into well-being o
Page 35 and 36: 21. In light of the challenges that
Page 37 and 38: not be explained by this. The major
Page 39 and 40: Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
Page 41 and 42: The share of disability impact due
Page 43 and 44: • It is also important to recall
Page 45 and 46: 1.17. A second issue with obvious i
Page 47 and 48: Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
Page 49 and 50: Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
Page 51 and 52: Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
Page 53: • overall, there is low acceptanc
Page 57 and 58: different areas, as for example the
Page 59 and 60: governmental sectors drive home the
Page 61 and 62: Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
Page 63 and 64: • onset of mental disabilities is
Page 65 and 66: 3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
Page 67 and 68: B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70: 3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72: almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74: PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80: Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82: Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84: 3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86: including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88: A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90: 4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92: • significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96: Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98: 4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100: only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102: The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104: IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106:
part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108:
well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110:
performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112:
DLROs has contributed to West Benga
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CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
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atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
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• the relative wages of PWD to no
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of age and disability status. Multi
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5.23. For males in the survey, a de
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equirement of specific post identif
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5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
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consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132:
exchanges are in any event servicin
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Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
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Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
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D. Conclusions and recommendations
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is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
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Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
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Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
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Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
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6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
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6.35. While the design of the insur
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people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
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7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
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7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
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• in the area of education, the p
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awareness raising about disability
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more formal institutions in disabil
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7.28 There is little detailed analy
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Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
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systematically related to the numbe
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• collaboration between NGOs and
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moving to improved outcomes for PWD
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CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
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Box 8.1: International and regional
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The comparison of institutional arr
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laudable, there are concerns that m
Page 181 and 182:
ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
Page 183 and 184:
of prevalence estimates across the
Page 185 and 186:
person will be treated as having
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People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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