People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Efforts by the NGO sector to sensitize village officials have show positive results in rural Rajasthan (see para. 35). This would be particularly important at the gram panchayat level, given evidence of public sector institutional shortcomings in the disability field as one moves further down the system. While GPs will have many issues of weak capacity for some time to come, current evidence suggests that existing institutional arrangements for disability are largely ineffective at the village level, and that new approaches are needed. Box 7.3: Innovations in Karnataka by the Disability Commissioner’s Office The Karnataka Commissioner for Disabilities has introduced several progressive practices. These include: • District Disability Management Reviews (DDMRs): This involves regular reviews at state and district levels of all schemes which are targeted to PWD. The process is intended to identify gaps/shortcomings in policy, program coverage, and implementation. Quarterly reports are solicited from relevant departments in specialized format and the results publicized in the media. Collection of information is facilitated by a District Disability Welfare Officer. While reporting is timely, there remain concerns about the reliability of information from line agencies. • Lok adalats for disability: The Commissioner’s office has organized periodic lok adalats (peoples’ courts) in districts for PWD to air their grievances with respect to entitlements. The adalats are chaired by a senior official of the Commissioners’ office. All district officials – including Collectors and officials from social welfare, education, health PRI and other departments – are expected to be present. The process has in some cases led to immediate resolution of PWD issues, or in others accelerated judicial intervention. • Partnerships with voluntary organizations: The Office has actively pursued partnerships with VOs to overcome its capacity constraints. For example, the Alternative Law Forum in Bangalore offers free legal aid to PWD through the Office. This not only includes issues with respect to PWD Act entitlements, but broader issues of access of justice for PWD. • Active use of media: The Office has been one of the most active in raising awareness of disability issues, and in using media to reach its PWD constituency. This includes publicity about violations of PWD rights. Apart from print media, the Commissioners’ office has regular phone-in programmes, which have involved people from throughout the state in direct phones to officials of the Office. Source: Bhambani (2006). 7.33 (c) PWD access to public institutions: Very little empirical evidence exists of the interactions of PWD with the official institutional network. This issue is discussed in detail in sectoral chapters which follow. However, the UP and TN survey asked questions on PWD interaction with the public administration and delivery network, and the results provide insights on institutional constraints to access to services and entitlements. Several findings emerge: • reflecting the limited downward reach of the disability institutional network, the institutions from which PWD most often reported receiving services and benefits were at district level, though panchayats were growing in significance. Results are shown in Table 7.2. • a substantial share of PWD report difficulties in receiving disability benefits and services. Around 43 percent of respondents indicated that they had not received any benefits or services, with a further 20 percent reporting receiving only some of their benefits or services. -135-
Table 7.2: Institutions providing benefits and services to PWD in rural UP and TN, 2005 Institution from which received benefits Share of those accessing services reporting (multiple answers possible) Panchayat office 20.7% PHC 6.7% District or other hospital 45.7% BDO 21.6% District welfare office 38.5% District disability official 19.7% District Chief Medical officer 15.9% State welfare or disability official 4.4% Other 9.1% Source: UP and TN village survey. Bank staff estimates. • in terms of the major difficulties faced in applying for disability-specific benefits, a range of factors were at play. Close to 30 percent of PWD reported no difficulties in accessing services/benefits. Among the over 70 percent who did report difficulties, three broad groups of difficulties emerge: (i) physical access problems, due to distance, lack of transport or physical barriers; (ii) problems with procedures and/or officials administering the system; and (iii) communication difficulties. The results are shown in Figure 7.3. Figure 7.3: Top Difficulties in Applying for PWD benefits and services, UP and TN, 2005 Figure *.*: Top difficulties in applying for PWD benefits and services, UP and TN, 2005 No difficulties Other Other communication barriers Poor communication of rules Corruption Lengthy/complex procedures Non-cooperative officials Lack of information Lack of transport Distance Physical barriers 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Share of PWD reporting as major difficulty Source: UP and TN village survey. Bank staff estimates. UP to three difficulties could be reported. 7.34 While the above results are from two states only, they are consistent with field findings in Rajasthan and Karnataka, and with a variety of studies on PWD access to services. 194 Together with the generally low awareness of entitlements, they suggest that public institutions need to develop far more effective outreach strategies if PWD are effectively to access their entitlements. An obvious area for policymakers to consider is how the PRI system can be mobilized in such outreach, given that only one fifth of current PWD beneficiaries are using that channel to access services. A second issue is how the public sector can more effectively partner with the non-governmental sector and civil society to achieve greater grassroots penetration of awareness and access to services. The following section looks at the role of the NGO sector in the disability field. 7.35 (d) The NGO sector and disability: In light of the major challenges in the effectiveness of public sector institutions for PWD, non-governmental institutions assume 194 See, e.g., ActionAid (200*) re Rajasthan and (200*) re AP; Swabhiman (2004) re Orissa; and Handicap International and Unnati, op.cit. for Gujarat. -136-
Page 1 and 2:
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
Page 3 and 4:
Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7 and 8:
Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
Page 9 and 10:
Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
Page 11 and 12:
NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
Page 13 and 14:
Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 15 and 16:
needs to respond more proactively t
Page 17 and 18:
government strategies for promoting
Page 19 and 20:
Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
Page 21 and 22:
40. In early 2006, a National Polic
Page 23 and 24:
should move to implement the Act’
Page 25 and 26:
54. Addressing current and future p
Page 27 and 28:
disability SHGs, which has been sho
Page 29 and 30:
have comparative advantage is putti
Page 31 and 32:
extent of individual functioning du
Page 33 and 34:
converting income into well-being o
Page 35 and 36:
21. In light of the challenges that
Page 37 and 38:
not be explained by this. The major
Page 39 and 40:
Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
Page 41 and 42:
The share of disability impact due
Page 43 and 44:
• It is also important to recall
Page 45 and 46:
1.17. A second issue with obvious i
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
Page 49 and 50:
Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
Page 51 and 52:
Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
Page 53 and 54:
• overall, there is low acceptanc
Page 55 and 56:
Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
Page 57 and 58:
different areas, as for example the
Page 59 and 60:
governmental sectors drive home the
Page 61 and 62:
Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
Page 63 and 64:
• onset of mental disabilities is
Page 65 and 66:
3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
Page 67 and 68:
B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70:
3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72:
almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74:
PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78:
Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80:
Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82:
Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84:
3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86:
including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88:
A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90:
4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92:
• significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94:
Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96:
Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98:
4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100:
only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102:
The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104:
IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106:
part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108:
well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110:
performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112:
DLROs has contributed to West Benga
Page 113 and 114: CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
Page 115 and 116: atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
Page 119 and 120: • the relative wages of PWD to no
Page 121 and 122: of age and disability status. Multi
Page 123 and 124: 5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126: equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128: 5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
Page 129 and 130: consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132: exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134: Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135 and 136: Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
Page 137 and 138: D. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 139 and 140: is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146: Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
Page 147 and 148: 6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150: 6.35. While the design of the insur
Page 151 and 152: people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154: 7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156: 7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158: • in the area of education, the p
Page 159 and 160: awareness raising about disability
Page 161 and 162: more formal institutions in disabil
Page 163: 7.28 There is little detailed analy
Page 167 and 168: systematically related to the numbe
Page 169 and 170: • collaboration between NGOs and
Page 171 and 172: moving to improved outcomes for PWD
Page 173 and 174: CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
Page 175 and 176: Box 8.1: International and regional
Page 177 and 178: The comparison of institutional arr
Page 179 and 180: laudable, there are concerns that m
Page 181 and 182: ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
Page 183 and 184: of prevalence estimates across the
Page 185 and 186: person will be treated as having
show all

People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?