People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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• the gap in employment rates between PWD and the general population is more pronounced for those with the lowest levels of education in both periods. • the gap between PWD and general population employment rates has widened for all education levels between the early 1990s and early 2000s. In the early 1990s, PWD with secondary education and above had very similar employment rates to the general population with the same level of education. By the early 2000s, the gap even at these educational levels had widened, though remained lower than for those with lower levels of educational attainment. For those with low levels of education, the already large gap between PWD and the general population widened sharply in the 1990s. For the illiterate PWD population, their employment rate was 64 percent that of the general illiterate population in the early 1990s but fell to 47 percent by the early 2000s. Not only have PWDs lost out in employment terms in the 1990s, but those likely to be poorest (i.e. with the lowest educational attainment) have lost out proportionally more. PWD employment rates are lower than the general population at all educational levels, and the gap has widened over the 1990s Figure 5.6: Early 1990s; Figure 5.7: Early 2000s % of working age employed 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Early 1900s PWD General % of working age employed 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Early 2000s PWD General Not literate Literate without formal schooling Literate but below primary primary middle secondary higher secondary diploma/certificate course graduate and above Not literate Literate without formal schooling Literate but below primary primary middle secondary higher secondary diploma/certificate course graduate and above Source: Mitra and Sambamoorthi 5.7. An interesting dimension of employment rates is the life cycle effects, i.e. how employment rates for PWD and non-PWD evolve as people age. This is presented in Figure 5.8. The lower average employment rates of PWD are sustained across the life cycle. Overall, both PWD and non-PWD exhibit a predictable trajectory of rising employment rates till early middle age and declining rates thereafter, with urban male employment rate trailing off more quickly. However, there are differences between urban and rural patterns. The two points of note are: (i) that rural PWD males and females start with much lower employment rates in the 15-19 age group and basically never catch up. This is not entirely predictable, given that PWD young adults are less likely to be in education; and (ii) in contrast, the starting rates for PWD in urban areas are closer to those of non-PWD (for women, the same). For urban PWD men, the ground is lost early - between entry and the 25-29 bracket - after which they never catch up to non-PWD. For urban women, the (much lower) differences to non-PWD urban women emerge in their late 30s. -87-
Figure 5.8: Employment rates over the life cycle for PWD (LHS) and for non-PWD (RHS) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 Rural Male Rural Female Urban Male Urban Female 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 Rural Male Rural Female Urban Male Urban Female Source: Mitra and Sambamoorthi, using 58 th round NSS for PWD and 55 th round for non-PWD. 5.8. (ii) Sectoral Composition of PWD Employment: Overall, the sectoral composition of employment among PWD is not substantially different from the general population (Table 5.1). The differences of note are: (i) the higher share of PWD workers in agriculture-related activities (i.e. the fall in share in agriculture-related has been less sharp than for non-PWD over the 1990s); and (ii) the higher share of PWD in wholesale/retail trade and hotels/restaurants (hospitality in table). Also of note (not shown) is that disabled people had around a 10 percent higher rate of self-employment than the general population. Table 5.1: Sectoral composition of PWD and general employment, early 1990s and early 2000s Early 2000s Early 1990s PWD General PWD General Agriculture Related 54.9 59.2 49.8 61.7 Manufacturing + mining 12.8 11.4 11.7 11.6 Utilities 0.3 0.3 0.9 3.6 Construction (F) 4.2 4.8 2.5 3.6 Trade/Hospitality 14.1 10.4 10.3 8.0 Transport, storage and communications (I) 3.5 3.9 2.7 3.3 Financial/RE/Business/Industry 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.1 Community/Social/Personal Services 8.0 8.3 13.9 10.3 Other 1.0 0.4 6.7 3.1 Source: Mitra and Sambamoorthi, based on NSS 58 th , 55 th , 47 th and 50 th rounds. 5.9. The above sectoral disaggregation is useful, but does not reveal much on the more specific characteristics of employment type and status. Insights into these issues for the rural population are possible from the 30 village survey in UP and TN commissioned for this report. These are presented in Table 5.2, which gives the current activity status of working age males and females across disability status. Some interesting observations emerge: • men with disabilities are less likely to be in wage/salaried employment, while the opposite is true for females. • men and women with disabilities are less likely to be attending educational institutions compared to men and women without disabilities. • for men and women, the share who report not be able to work due to their disability is substantial – over a third of working age PWD men (and almost half of the severe PWD men), and around one quarter of PWD women (and over a third of severe PWD women). -88-
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PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
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NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
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Out of school rates for CWD are hig
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needs to respond more proactively t
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government strategies for promoting
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Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
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40. In early 2006, a National Polic
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should move to implement the Act’
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54. Addressing current and future p
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disability SHGs, which has been sho
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have comparative advantage is putti
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extent of individual functioning du
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converting income into well-being o
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21. In light of the challenges that
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not be explained by this. The major
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Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
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The share of disability impact due
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• It is also important to recall
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1.17. A second issue with obvious i
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Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
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Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
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• overall, there is low acceptanc
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Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
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different areas, as for example the
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governmental sectors drive home the
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Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
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• onset of mental disabilities is
Page 65 and 66: 3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
Page 67 and 68: B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70: 3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72: almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74: PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80: Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82: Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84: 3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86: including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88: A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90: 4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92: • significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96: Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98: 4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100: only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102: The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104: IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106: part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108: well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110: performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112: DLROs has contributed to West Benga
Page 113 and 114: CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
Page 115: atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 119 and 120: • the relative wages of PWD to no
Page 121 and 122: of age and disability status. Multi
Page 123 and 124: 5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126: equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128: 5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
Page 129 and 130: consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132: exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134: Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135 and 136: Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
Page 137 and 138: D. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 139 and 140: is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146: Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
Page 147 and 148: 6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150: 6.35. While the design of the insur
Page 151 and 152: people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154: 7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156: 7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158: • in the area of education, the p
Page 159 and 160: awareness raising about disability
Page 161 and 162: more formal institutions in disabil
Page 163 and 164: 7.28 There is little detailed analy
Page 165 and 166: Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
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systematically related to the numbe
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• collaboration between NGOs and
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moving to improved outcomes for PWD
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CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
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Box 8.1: International and regional
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The comparison of institutional arr
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laudable, there are concerns that m
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ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
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of prevalence estimates across the
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person will be treated as having
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People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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