People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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MTA NCPEDP NFCP NFHS NGO NHFDC NIACL NLEP NPS NREGS NSS NSSO NTD OBC PC PHC POA PPI PRI PTA PWD RCH RCI RRTC SC SCA SCERT SGRY SGSY SHG SSA ST TBA TN UP VEC VRC W&CD WHO WWD Mother Teacher Association National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People National Filaria Control Program National Family Health Survey Non Government Organization National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation New India Assurance Company Limited National Leprosy Eradication Programme New Pension Scheme National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme National Sample Survey National Sample Survey Office Neural Tube Defects Other Backward Class Planning Commission Primary Health Centers Plan of Action Pulse Polio Immunization campaign Panchayati Raj Institution Parent Teacher Association Persons with Disabilities Reproductive and Child Health Rehabilitation Council of India Regional Rehabilitation Training Centers Scheduled Caste State Channelizing Agency State Council of Education Research and Training Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana Self Help Groups Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Scheduled Tribe Traditional Birth Attendants Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Village Education Committee Vocational Rehabilitation Centre Women and Child Development World Health Organization Women with Disabilities iv
Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION AND FRAMEWORK.................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES.................... 7 A. Socio-economic profile of PWD ........................................................................................ 7 B. Conclusions and recommendations .................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 2: ATTITUDES TOWARDS DISABILITY AND PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES....... 21 Conclusions and recommendations........................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 3: HEALTH AND PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES ................................................. 33 A. Causes of Disability in India ............................................................................................ 33 B. Prevention of Disability.................................................................................................... 38 C. Curative and rehabilitative health interventions and PWD .............................................. 42 C. Use of Health Services by PWD ...................................................................................... 45 D. Factors affecting PWD access to health care ................................................................... 50 E. Conclusions and Recommendations................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 4: EDUCATION FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES............................................ 57 A. Indian and International Policy Developments on Education of CWD............................ 58 B. Educational profile of PWD ............................................................................................. 61 C. Public Interventions to Promote Education of Children with Special Needs................... 66 D. Non-government roles in education for CWD ................................................................. 80 E. Conclusions and recommendations .................................................................................. 82 CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES........................................ 84 A. Labor Market status of PWD............................................................................................ 84 B. Determinants of employment for PWD............................................................................ 91 C. Interventions to promote employment among PWD........................................................ 94 D. Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................................ 108 CHAPTER 6: SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES .......................... 109 A. Poverty Alleviation and Social Assistance Schemes for PWD ...................................... 109 B. Disability Insurance in India .......................................................................................... 115 C. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 121 CHAPTER 7:POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA123 A. Policies for disability in India ........................................................................................ 123 B. Institutional Issues in Implementing Disability Policies ................................................ 131 C. Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................................ 142 CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES ............................................... 144 Conclusions and recommendations......................................................................................... 151 ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE: DISABILITY ESTIMATES IN THE CENSUS AND THE NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY ........................................................................... 152 ANNEX 2: BRAZIL’S REFORM OF CENSUS QUESTIONS ON DISABILITY........................ 157 v
Page 1 and 2: PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
Page 3: Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
Page 7 and 8: Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
Page 9 and 10: Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
Page 11 and 12: NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
Page 13 and 14: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 15 and 16: needs to respond more proactively t
Page 17 and 18: government strategies for promoting
Page 19 and 20: Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
Page 21 and 22: 40. In early 2006, a National Polic
Page 23 and 24: should move to implement the Act’
Page 25 and 26: 54. Addressing current and future p
Page 27 and 28: disability SHGs, which has been sho
Page 29 and 30: have comparative advantage is putti
Page 31 and 32: extent of individual functioning du
Page 33 and 34: converting income into well-being o
Page 35 and 36: 21. In light of the challenges that
Page 37 and 38: not be explained by this. The major
Page 39 and 40: Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
Page 41 and 42: The share of disability impact due
Page 43 and 44: • It is also important to recall
Page 45 and 46: 1.17. A second issue with obvious i
Page 47 and 48: Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
Page 49 and 50: Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
Page 51 and 52: Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
Page 53 and 54: • overall, there is low acceptanc
Page 55 and 56:
Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
Page 57 and 58:
different areas, as for example the
Page 59 and 60:
governmental sectors drive home the
Page 61 and 62:
Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
Page 63 and 64:
• onset of mental disabilities is
Page 65 and 66:
3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
Page 67 and 68:
B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70:
3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72:
almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74:
PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78:
Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80:
Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82:
Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84:
3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86:
including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88:
A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90:
4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92:
• significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94:
Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96:
Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98:
4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100:
only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102:
The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104:
IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106:
part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108:
well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110:
performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112:
DLROs has contributed to West Benga
Page 113 and 114:
CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
Page 115 and 116:
atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
Page 119 and 120:
• the relative wages of PWD to no
Page 121 and 122:
of age and disability status. Multi
Page 123 and 124:
5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126:
equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128:
5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
Page 129 and 130:
consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132:
exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134:
Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135 and 136:
Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
Page 137 and 138:
D. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 139 and 140:
is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
Page 141 and 142:
Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
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Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146:
Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
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6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150:
6.35. While the design of the insur
Page 151 and 152:
people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154:
7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156:
7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158:
• in the area of education, the p
Page 159 and 160:
awareness raising about disability
Page 161 and 162:
more formal institutions in disabil
Page 163 and 164:
7.28 There is little detailed analy
Page 165 and 166:
Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
Page 167 and 168:
systematically related to the numbe
Page 169 and 170:
• collaboration between NGOs and
Page 171 and 172:
moving to improved outcomes for PWD
Page 173 and 174:
CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
Page 175 and 176:
Box 8.1: International and regional
Page 177 and 178:
The comparison of institutional arr
Page 179 and 180:
laudable, there are concerns that m
Page 181 and 182:
ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
Page 183 and 184:
of prevalence estimates across the
Page 185 and 186:
person will be treated as having
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People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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