People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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and early 2000s holds even when MI and MR people are omitted from the 58 th round sample. Excluding MI and MR, the employment rate of PWD still stands at 39.6 in 2002, i.e. 3.1 percentage points lower than in 1991 (and statistically significant). 123 This compares to a fall of only 1.1 percentage points for the general population (from 58.6 to 57.5 percent) between 1993 and 2000. Further research is needed to understand the determinants of the decline in the employment rate of persons with physical and sensory disabilities between 1991 and 2002, in particular to assess if it results from changes in the demographic composition of the population with disabilities, in the increased severity of disability, or factors in the labor market and society. • While trend comparisons are not possible, the low absolute employment rate among persons with disabilities is broadly support by results from the 2001 census. 124 Employment rates of PWD in India are lower than the general population for both genders and across urban and rural areas, and have fallen in the 1990s Figure 5.2: Employment rates of PWD and general population by gender and location, early 1990s Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD and general population by gender and location, early 2000s Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 % of w orkin g ag e p o p ulation 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 RM PWD RM GEN UM PWD UM GEN RF PW D RF GEN UF PW D UF GEN ALL PW D ALL GEN Source: Mitra and Sambamoorthi, based on NSS 58 th and 47 th rounds in 2002 and 1991 (PWD) and 55 th and 50 th rounds in 1993/94 and 1999/00 (non-PWD). 5.4. In a country as diverse as India, it is interesting to explore statewise aspects of PWD employment. Given the variations in state-level employment rates for all groups, an informative way to do this is comparing the state-specific ratio of the PWD employment rate with that of the non-PWD working age population. This is presented in Figure 5.4. Points of note include: % of working age population • the fall in the employment rates of PWD relative to the general working age population during the 1990s is almost universal across the country, with the exception of Sikkim. • however, the extent of the relative decline varies greatly, with states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra exhibiting small falls in the PWD/non-PWD employment 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 RM PWD RM GEN UM PWD UM GEN RF PWD RF GEN UF PWD UF GEN ALL PWD ALL GEN 123 The analysis used usual principal activity status. The NSS thick rounds also report the share of working age population who are unable to work due to a disability. This increased 10 percent between 1993/04 and 1999/00, providing some verification from a much larger sample of an increased negative effect of disability on employment during the 1990s. It is also notable that the share reporting inability to work due to disability was twice as higher for men than women by the 1999/00 NSS round. 124 Rajan (2006). -85-
atios, while others such as J&K, Bihar and Assam have seen large falls in the relative employment position of PWD. The relative employment rates of PWD and the general population vary significantly by state, but have fallen since the early 1990s in nearly all states Figure 5.4: PWD and non-PWD employment ratio, early 1980s and 2000s Figure*: PWD to non-PWD employment ratio, early 1990s and early 2000s 1 0.9 PWDER/NON-PWDER 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 1990s 2000s 0 AP ASS BIHAR GUJ HARY HP J&K KARN KER MP MAHA ORIS PUNJ RAJA SIK TN UP WB Source: Mitra and Sambamoorthi, based on NSS 58 th and 47 th rounds in 2002 and 1991 5.5. It is also useful to explore the employment rates of people with disabilities by major categories of disability captured by the NSS. These are presented in Figure 5.5 for 2002. All categories of PWD have employment rates below the general population average. However, employment rates vary sharply by type of disability, with those with mental illness, mental retardation and visual disabilities having very low employment rates at one extreme and those with hearing disabilities with employment rates around 94 percent of the rate of the general working age population, and those with speech and locomotor disabilities having employment rates above those of the average for disabled people. In addition, those with more severe disabilities have an employment rate around 22 percent (about 10 percentage points) below those with moderate disabilities, or around 45 percent below the rate of the general population. 125 Employment rates vary sharply by type of disability but less between moderate and severely disabled people Figure 5.5: Employment rates by disability type and severity, 2002 Figure 5.5 70 %of working age population 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 All PWD MI MR Visual Hearing Speech Locomotor Multiple Moderate Severe Source: Mitra and Sambamoorthi, based on NSS 58 th round. 5.6. A further important aspect of employment rates is variations between PWD and the general population by level of education. This is shown in Figures 5.6. and 5.7 for the early 1990s and early 2000s. Two points of interest are: 125 Census data also reveal significant differences in employment rates by disability type, though the relative rates differ significantly from those found using NSS. This is likely to be driven by the differences in definitions of specific disabilities used by the two organizations (see Annex 1). -86-
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PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
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NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
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Out of school rates for CWD are hig
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needs to respond more proactively t
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government strategies for promoting
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Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
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40. In early 2006, a National Polic
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should move to implement the Act’
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54. Addressing current and future p
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disability SHGs, which has been sho
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have comparative advantage is putti
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extent of individual functioning du
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converting income into well-being o
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21. In light of the challenges that
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not be explained by this. The major
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Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
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The share of disability impact due
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• It is also important to recall
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1.17. A second issue with obvious i
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Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
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Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
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• overall, there is low acceptanc
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Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
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different areas, as for example the
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governmental sectors drive home the
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Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
Page 63 and 64: • onset of mental disabilities is
Page 65 and 66: 3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
Page 67 and 68: B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70: 3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72: almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74: PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80: Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82: Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84: 3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86: including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88: A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90: 4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92: • significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96: Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98: 4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100: only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102: The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104: IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106: part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108: well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110: performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112: DLROs has contributed to West Benga
Page 113: CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
Page 119 and 120: • the relative wages of PWD to no
Page 121 and 122: of age and disability status. Multi
Page 123 and 124: 5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126: equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128: 5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
Page 129 and 130: consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132: exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134: Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135 and 136: Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
Page 137 and 138: D. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 139 and 140: is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146: Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
Page 147 and 148: 6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150: 6.35. While the design of the insur
Page 151 and 152: people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154: 7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156: 7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158: • in the area of education, the p
Page 159 and 160: awareness raising about disability
Page 161 and 162: more formal institutions in disabil
Page 163 and 164: 7.28 There is little detailed analy
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Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
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systematically related to the numbe
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• collaboration between NGOs and
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moving to improved outcomes for PWD
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CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
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Box 8.1: International and regional
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The comparison of institutional arr
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laudable, there are concerns that m
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ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
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of prevalence estimates across the
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person will be treated as having
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People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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