People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Conclusions and recommendations: 8.21. It is clear that promoting access for people with disabilities is a long term agenda. Nonetheless, there remains considerable room for improving the policies, procedures, and processes which will be necessary to provide a solid platform for action over the short, medium and long terms. Some recommendations that emerge include: • both national and sub-national policies on promoting access for people with disabilities should be required to include consultation with disabled people in setting priorities. • states and/or municipal authorities which have yet to amend their building bye-laws to comply with the 1998 guidelines should be encouraged to do so in the nearest future. These should allow for clear sanctions in case of failure to comply with accessibility standards, and administrative clarity on official accountability in cases of failure to comply. • MoSJE in collaboration with Commissioner’s offices, the Ministry of Urban Development and Employment, and the states should work towards benchmarking minimum national standards of accessibility to which authorities could be held accountable. This are a necessity under the new UN convention. • the recommendation of the Amendment Committee for the PWD Act which would strengthen obligations on access for all new public buildings and built environment should be taken up. • access audits by Commissioners’ offices, NGO and others should be increased, with a strengthened follow-up mechanism for implementing remedial measures identified. • public funds for the welfare of disabled people should also be used to support research on their access priorities, development of assistive devices for improving mobility of disabled people, implementing cost-effective universal design, and analysis of the impacts and costs of failure to provide accessible environments. While these are all possibilities under the PWD Act, in practice there has been very limited research on these subjects. • there should be systematic involvement of disabled people and other civil society actors in monitoring of accessibility through requirement of access audits on all significant public infrastructural projects, including social infrastructure. • university and in-service training courses for architects, engineers and planners should include exposure to principles and practices of universal design and accessibility as a standard course element. Financing for designated centres of excellence in this area should be made available. -151-
ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE: DISABILITY ESTIMATES IN THE CENSUS AND THE NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY 219 1. Disability prevalence estimates often differ across and within countries. In India, according to the 58 th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS), there were 18.5 million persons with disabilities in 2002 compared with 21.9 million reported by the Census of 2001. This translates to a 20 percent difference in the prevalence estimates. It is important to try and understand the differences in prevalence estimates from the Census of India of 2001 and the 58 th round of the NSS. This annex explores the factors that contribute to the differences between the two sources, including different sampling designs and disability definitions. 2. The Census and the NSS have different sampling design. The Census is an enumeration of the entire population of India while the NSS has a nationally representative stratified sample. 3. In both sources, disability was self-reported. Different definitions of overall disability and disability types may have contributed to differences in estimates. Overall disability: 4. The Census of 2001 does not have a general definition of disability. Instead, a question on type of disability was included in the population enumeration section as follows: “If the person is physically/mentally disabled, give appropriate code number from the list below: in seeing, in speech, in hearing, in movement, mental.” The Census thus has a functional limitation question, which prompts respondents to report their type of functional limitation (e.g., in seeing, hearing). 5. In schedule 0.0 of the 58 th round of the NSS, some broad information about the households (e.g., housing conditions, disability) were collected during the household listing. This information was required mainly to identify and develop a frame for selection of households for subsequent schedules, including schedule 26 administered only to households with persons with disabilities. In the NSS, a person is considered disabled “if the person has restrictions or lack of abilities to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being”. Disability is thus defined as an activity limitation in the NSS. 6. The disability question and the definitions of different disability types used in the Census and the NSS are presented in Table A2.1. Prevalence estimates are reported in Bhanushali (2005). Type of disability: 7. In both sources, persons who report being disabled are asked about their limitation types (mental, locomotor, visual, hearing, speech). Despite similar sequence in the identification of disability types, there are also tremendous variations in prevalence estimates of types of disability across the two data sources. 8. Visual: (Higher Census – Lower NSS) According to the Census 2001, nearly 50 percent of PWDs are visually disabled, compared to 15.3 percent in the NSS. For visual disability, the Census includes persons who have blurred vision and have had no occasion to test their vision. It thus includes persons who may be able to see with spectacles. In contrast, the NSS does not consider whether or not a person’s vision has been tested and focuses on the ability to perform tasks requiring visual acuity. 219 This annex is drawn from the background paper by Mitra and Sambamoorthi (2006). -152-
Page 1 and 2:
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
Page 3 and 4:
Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7 and 8:
Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
Page 9 and 10:
Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
Page 11 and 12:
NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
Page 13 and 14:
Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 15 and 16:
needs to respond more proactively t
Page 17 and 18:
government strategies for promoting
Page 19 and 20:
Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
Page 21 and 22:
40. In early 2006, a National Polic
Page 23 and 24:
should move to implement the Act’
Page 25 and 26:
54. Addressing current and future p
Page 27 and 28:
disability SHGs, which has been sho
Page 29 and 30:
have comparative advantage is putti
Page 31 and 32:
extent of individual functioning du
Page 33 and 34:
converting income into well-being o
Page 35 and 36:
21. In light of the challenges that
Page 37 and 38:
not be explained by this. The major
Page 39 and 40:
Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
Page 41 and 42:
The share of disability impact due
Page 43 and 44:
• It is also important to recall
Page 45 and 46:
1.17. A second issue with obvious i
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
Page 49 and 50:
Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
Page 51 and 52:
Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
Page 53 and 54:
• overall, there is low acceptanc
Page 55 and 56:
Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
Page 57 and 58:
different areas, as for example the
Page 59 and 60:
governmental sectors drive home the
Page 61 and 62:
Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
Page 63 and 64:
• onset of mental disabilities is
Page 65 and 66:
3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
Page 67 and 68:
B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70:
3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72:
almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74:
PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78:
Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80:
Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82:
Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84:
3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86:
including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88:
A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90:
4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92:
• significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94:
Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96:
Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98:
4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100:
only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102:
The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104:
IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106:
part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108:
well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110:
performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112:
DLROs has contributed to West Benga
Page 113 and 114:
CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
Page 115 and 116:
atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
Page 119 and 120:
• the relative wages of PWD to no
Page 121 and 122:
of age and disability status. Multi
Page 123 and 124:
5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126:
equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128:
5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
Page 129 and 130: consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132: exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134: Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135 and 136: Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
Page 137 and 138: D. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 139 and 140: is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146: Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
Page 147 and 148: 6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150: 6.35. While the design of the insur
Page 151 and 152: people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154: 7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156: 7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158: • in the area of education, the p
Page 159 and 160: awareness raising about disability
Page 161 and 162: more formal institutions in disabil
Page 163 and 164: 7.28 There is little detailed analy
Page 165 and 166: Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
Page 167 and 168: systematically related to the numbe
Page 169 and 170: • collaboration between NGOs and
Page 171 and 172: moving to improved outcomes for PWD
Page 173 and 174: CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
Page 175 and 176: Box 8.1: International and regional
Page 177 and 178: The comparison of institutional arr
Page 179: laudable, there are concerns that m
Page 183 and 184: of prevalence estimates across the
Page 185 and 186: person will be treated as having
show all

People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?