People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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Disability Question Table A.1: Disability definitions in the Census and the NSS 2001 Census 2002 NSS (58 th round) Q15 If a person is disabled, enter only one Disability: A person with restrictions or lack of the five disabilities for that person, in of abilities to perform an activity in the codes, as given below :- manner or within the range considered normal In Seeing 1 for a human being is treated as having In Speech 2 disability. It excludes illness/injury of recent In Hearing 3 origin (morbidity) resulting into temporary In Movement 4 loss of ability to see, hear, speak or move. Mental 5 Disability Type Definitions Seeing/Visual Speech Hearing Seeing: A person who cannot see at all (has no perception of light) or has blurred vision even with the help of spectacles will be treated as visually disabled and code `1` will be entered under this question. A person with proper vision only in one eye will also be treated as visually disabled. You may come across a situation where a person may have blurred vision and had no occasion to test whether her/his eyesight would improve by using spectacles. Such persons would be treated as visually disabled. A person will be recorded as having speech disability, if she/he is dumb. Similarly persons whose speech is not understood by a listener of normal comprehension and hearing, she/he will be considered to having speech disability and code `2` will be entered. This question will not be canvassed for children up to three years of age. Persons who stammer but whose speech is comprehensible will not be classified as disabled by speech. A person who cannot hear at all (deaf) or can hear only loud sounds will be considered as having hearing disability and in such cases code `3` be entered. A person who is able to hear, using hearingaid will not considered as disabled under this category. If a person cannot hear through one ear but her/his other ear is functioning normally, should be considered having hearing disability. Visual disability: By visual disability, it is meant, loss or lack of ability to execute tasks requiring adequate visual acuity. For the survey, visually disabled will include (a) those who do not have any light perception - both eyes taken together and (b) those who have light perception but cannot correctly count fingers of hand (with spectacles/contact lenses if he/she uses spectacles/contact lenses) from a distance of 3 meters (or 10 feet) in good day light with both eyes open. Night blindness is not to be considered as visual disability. This refers to persons’ inability to speak properly. Speech of a person is judged to be disordered if the person's speech is not understood by the listener. Persons with speech disability will include those who cannot speak, speak only with limited words or those with loss of voice. It also includes those whose speech is not understood due to defects in speech, such as stammering, nasal voice, hoarse voice and discordant voice and articulation defects, etc. This refers to persons’ inability to hear properly. Hearing disability is to be judged taking into consideration the disability of the better ear. In other words, if one ear of a person is normal and the other ear has total hearing loss, then the person is to be judged as normal in hearing for the purpose of the survey. Hearing disability will be judged without taking into consideration the use of hearing aids (i.e., the position for the person when hearing aid is not used). Persons with hearing disability may have different degrees of disability, such as profound, severe or moderate. A person will be treated as having ‘profound’ hearing disability if he/she cannot hear at all or can only hear loud sounds, such as, thunder or understands only gestures. A -155-
person will be treated as having ‘severe’ hearing disability if he/she can hear only shouted words or can hear only if the speaker is sitting in the front. A person will be treated as having ‘moderate’ hearing disability if his/her disability is neither profound nor severe. Such a person will usually ask to repeat the words spoken by the speaker or will like to see the face of the speaker while he/she speaks or will feel difficulty in conducting conversations. Movement/Locomotor Movement: A person who lacks limbs or is unable to use the limbs normally, will be considered having movement disability and code `4` will be entered here. Absence of a part of a limb like a finger or a toe will not be considered as disability. However, absence of all the fingers or toes or a thumb will make a person disabled by movement. If any part of the body is deformed, the person will also be treated as disabled and covered under this category. A person who cannot move herself/himself or without the aid of another person or without the aid of stick, etc., will be treated as disabled under this category. Similarly, a person would be treated as disabled in movement if she/he is unable to move or lift or pick up any small article placed near her/him. A person may not be able to move normally because of problems of joints like arthritis and has to invariably limp while moving, will also be considered to have movement disability. Mental A person who lacks comprehension appropriate to her/his age will be considered as mentally disabled. This would not mean that if a person is not able to comprehend her/his studies appropriate to her/his age and is failing to qualify her/his examination is mentally disabled. Mentally retarded and insane persons would be treated as mentally disabled. A mentally disabled person may generally depend on her/his family members for performing daily routine. It should be left to the respondent to report whether the member of the household is mentally disabled and no tests are required to be applied to judge the member’s disability. Sources: Bhanushali, K. (2005) and Government of India (2003a) Locomotor: A person with - (a) loss or lack of normal ability to execute distinctive activities associated with the movement of himself/herself and objects from place to place and (b) physical deformities, other than those involving the hand or leg or both, regardless of whether the same caused loss or lack of normal movement of body – will be considered as disabled with locomotor disability. Thus, persons having locomotor disability will include those with (a) loss or absence or inactivity of whole or part of hand or leg or both due to amputation, paralysis, deformity or dysfunction of joints which affects his/her “normal ability to move self or objects” and (b) those with physical deformities in the body (other than limbs), such as, hunch back, deformed spine, etc. Dwarfs and persons with stiff neck of permanent nature who generally do not have difficulty in the normal movement of body and limbs will also be treated as disabled. Persons who have difficulty in understanding routine instructions, who do not carry out their activities like others of similar age or exhibit behaviours like talking to self, laughing / crying, staring, violence, fear and suspicion without reason would be considered as mentally disabled for the purpose of the survey. The “activities like others of similar age” will include activities of communication (speech), self-care (cleaning of teeth, wearing clothes, taking bath, taking food, personal hygiene, etc.), home living (doing some household chores) and social skills. -156-
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PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
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NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
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Out of school rates for CWD are hig
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needs to respond more proactively t
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government strategies for promoting
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Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
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40. In early 2006, a National Polic
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should move to implement the Act’
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54. Addressing current and future p
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disability SHGs, which has been sho
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have comparative advantage is putti
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extent of individual functioning du
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converting income into well-being o
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21. In light of the challenges that
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not be explained by this. The major
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Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
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The share of disability impact due
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• It is also important to recall
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1.17. A second issue with obvious i
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Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
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Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
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• overall, there is low acceptanc
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Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
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different areas, as for example the
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governmental sectors drive home the
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Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
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• onset of mental disabilities is
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3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
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B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
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3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
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almost three times more likely to h
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PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
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Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
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Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
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Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
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Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
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3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
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including for road accidents, and e
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A. Indian and International Policy
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4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
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• significant gender differential
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Out of school rates for CWD are hig
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Only around 5 percent of children w
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4.30. (b) Financial performance of
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only factor contributing to both po
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The numbers of CWD identified by SS
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IE training options. The impacts of
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part of the authorities to increase
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well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
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performance in the schooling system
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DLROs has contributed to West Benga
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CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
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atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
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Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
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• the relative wages of PWD to no
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of age and disability status. Multi
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5.23. For males in the survey, a de
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equirement of specific post identif
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5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
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consistent with survey findings. Na
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exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134: Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135 and 136: Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
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Page 139 and 140: is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
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Page 143 and 144: Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146: Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
Page 147 and 148: 6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150: 6.35. While the design of the insur
Page 151 and 152: people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154: 7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156: 7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158: • in the area of education, the p
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Page 163 and 164: 7.28 There is little detailed analy
Page 165 and 166: Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
Page 167 and 168: systematically related to the numbe
Page 169 and 170: • collaboration between NGOs and
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Page 173 and 174: CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
Page 175 and 176: Box 8.1: International and regional
Page 177 and 178: The comparison of institutional arr
Page 179 and 180: laudable, there are concerns that m
Page 181 and 182: ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
Page 183: of prevalence estimates across the
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People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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