People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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• nonetheless, men with disabilities are more likely to report being unable to work owing to disability than women: instead of reporting an inability to work as their current activity status, women tend to attend domestic duties. Table 5.2: Current Activity Status among Working Age Persons, rural UP and TN Non-PWD Male PWD Severe PWD Non- PWD PWD Female Severe PWD Employed 74.1% 53.4% 41.2% 19.3% 16.6% 15.6% Works on own farm 22.2% 22.0% 13.5% 4.2% 4.1% 3.1% Self employed (home-based work) 3.4% 3.5% 4.5% 0.3% 1.2% 1.7% Self employed (work place outside home) 8.1% 8.6% 8.7% 0.9% 0.2% 0.0% Regular wage/salaried employee 18.8% 9.0% 7.1% 3.7% 5.5% 5.9% Casual agricultural labourer 10.8% 5.9% 5.0% 9.0% 3.9% 3.1% Casual labour (non-agricultural) 10.7% 4.2% 2.4% 1.3% 1.7% 1.7% Does not work due to sickness though have regular work (of any kind) 0.05% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Does not work due to other reasons though have regular work (any kind) 0.05% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Unemployed 9.0% 2.6% 3.2% 2.2% 0.2% 0.4% Not in Labor Force 16.8% 44.0% 55.7% 78.5% 83.1% 84.1% Attending educational Institutions 13.0% 4.0% 4.2% 7.7% 1.9% 1.7% Attending domestic duties 2.9% 0.6% 0.8% 68.8% 50.1% 42.2% Not able to work owing to disability 0.3% 33.9% 46.7% 0.7% 24.8% 35.0% Retired 0.6% 5.0% 3.2% 1.3% 5.8% 4.5% Others 0.05% 0.6% 0.8% 0.2% 0.5% 0.7% Source: Mitra and Sambamoorthi (2006). 5.10. (iii) Relative Wages and Work Intensity of PWD: An important element of PWD employment is of course wages. This can not be estimated from NSS. However, the UP and TN survey allows for estimates for rural areas from those states. The results are presented in Table 5.3 for each state separately and by gender. The results are more complex than might be expected. Points of note include: • as would be expected, the employment rate of PWD men and women compared to non- PWD is low, and lower again for those with more severe disabilities. • there is a notable gender difference in the employment situation of PWD men and women relative to non-PWD population. The employment rate of PWD women relative to non-PWD women is significantly higher than for PWD men relative to non-PWD men, in the case of TN over 20 percent higher. A possible explanation is that the gender factor with respect to women’s employment is an important additional effect on employment rates, which dilutes the independent effect of disability among women on their employment rates. -89-
• the relative wages of PWD to non-PWD workers shows substantial variation between the two states. The relative wages of PWD in UP are significantly lower for both men and women, while in TN they are over 10 percent higher. Across both states, the variation in wages across the year is greater for PWD men than for non-PWD but not so for women. Table 5.3: Employment and wage rates of PWD relative to non-PWD by location, gender and severity, UP and TN, 2005 Group Employment ratio/non-PWD Wage rate/non-PWD UP PWD males 0.79 0.89 UP severe PWD males 0.59 0.79 TN PWD males 0.69 1.11 TN severe PWD males 0.53 1.12 UP PWD females 0.87 0.78 UP severe PWD females 0.82 0.77 TN PWD females 0.85 1.14 TN severe PWD females 0.74 1.11 Source: 30 Village survey, 2005. 5.11. An interesting additional dimension captured by the above survey is intensity of work among non-PWD, PWD and severely disabled people. When it comes to usual work hours per day and work days per month, there is relatively limited difference between workers with disabilities and those without. (Table 5.4) The hours of work of PWD men and women are somewhat lower than those of non-PWD workers, but only by about half an hour per day. Even this small difference is largely offset for PWD women by slightly more work days per month than non-PWD workers. These findings go against the commonly held view that disability places constraints on the quantity of work a person can do. Once PWD are working, they are working about the same amount as non-disabled people. Table 5.4: The Working Age Employed: Work Hours and Days in rural TN and UP, 2005 Male Female Non-PWD PWD Severe PWD Non-PWD PWD Severe PWD Usual Work Hours per Day 7.9 7.5 7.3 7.5 6.9 7.1 Usual Days of Work per Month 23.6 23.8 23.7 20.4 21.5 21.7 Variation in Days Worked across the year 35.8% 42.3% 35.3% 23.3% 21.7% 22.2% Source: 30 village Survey, 2005 5.12. (iv) Impact on Employment of other Household Members: The above analysis looks at the labor market impacts of disability for disabled people themselves. It is also important to consider whether there are additional impacts on the employment rates and/or intensity of other household members of PWD. In principle, such effects could work in two directions. One would be if the care needs of the disabled household member require reduced work participation from other household members. However, it could also be that non-disabled household members are required to work more to offset the lower employment rates of PWD in the household. This issue has received very little analysis in the Indian literature, though the one available analysis which addresses the issue suggests that there may be significant negative impacts on the employment of other household members. 126 The following paragraphs explore two elements of work impacts on other household members using the UP and TN data: (i) the impact on whether or not adult 126 See Erb and Harriss-White, op.cit. -90-
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PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
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NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
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Out of school rates for CWD are hig
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needs to respond more proactively t
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government strategies for promoting
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Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
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40. In early 2006, a National Polic
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should move to implement the Act’
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54. Addressing current and future p
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disability SHGs, which has been sho
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have comparative advantage is putti
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extent of individual functioning du
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converting income into well-being o
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21. In light of the challenges that
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not be explained by this. The major
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Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
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The share of disability impact due
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• It is also important to recall
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1.17. A second issue with obvious i
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Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
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Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
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• overall, there is low acceptanc
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Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
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different areas, as for example the
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governmental sectors drive home the
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Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
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• onset of mental disabilities is
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3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
Page 67 and 68: B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70: 3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72: almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74: PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80: Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82: Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84: 3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86: including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88: A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90: 4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92: • significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96: Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98: 4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100: only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102: The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104: IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106: part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108: well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110: performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112: DLROs has contributed to West Benga
Page 113 and 114: CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
Page 115 and 116: atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 117: Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
Page 121 and 122: of age and disability status. Multi
Page 123 and 124: 5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126: equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128: 5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
Page 129 and 130: consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132: exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134: Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135 and 136: Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
Page 137 and 138: D. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 139 and 140: is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146: Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
Page 147 and 148: 6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150: 6.35. While the design of the insur
Page 151 and 152: people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154: 7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156: 7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158: • in the area of education, the p
Page 159 and 160: awareness raising about disability
Page 161 and 162: more formal institutions in disabil
Page 163 and 164: 7.28 There is little detailed analy
Page 165 and 166: Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
Page 167 and 168: systematically related to the numbe
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• collaboration between NGOs and
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moving to improved outcomes for PWD
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CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
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Box 8.1: International and regional
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The comparison of institutional arr
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laudable, there are concerns that m
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ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
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of prevalence estimates across the
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person will be treated as having
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People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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