People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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• much lower educational attainment rates, associated in India with lower living standards. • substantially lower employment rates. This is not definitively an indicator of lower living standards in India, due to cultural preferences with respect to womens’ work outside the home and features such as higher unemployment rates among the educated. However, taken together with the much lower education rates of PWD, it is probably a good indication of lower living standards. • clear evidence from the UP and TN survey of declining rates of disability in households as they become richer. • non-income indicators from UP and TN like frequency of three meals a day. • the higher than average rural share in the PWD household population, with considerably higher than average poverty rates in rural areas nationally. • the very high rates of widowhood for women, implying higher probabilities of being poor. • consistent findings from qualitative work (both in the UP/TN study and in other studies in India on disability) of community perceptions that households with disabled members tend to be poorer and more vulnerable. 28 1.25. Clearly much remains to be done in getting a clearer picture of the scale and composition of PWD in India. This is a large agenda, but some initial recommendations are: • there is a need to harmonize definitions of disability categories across NSS and census. In this process, there is also a need to improve and harmonize the approaches across disability types within each survey. This has been recognized by GoI in the work of its Technical Advisory Group on Disability Statistics. Specifically 29 : (i) in the census, there are inconsistencies across disability types as to whether the functional limitation applies to a situation where an assistive device is used, an overly wide definition of visual disability, and an overly subjective definition of some elements of mental illness; and (ii) in the NSS, the current definitions of disability and disability types are a mix of activity limitation (general definition, visual and mental disability), functional limitations (e.g., speech) and impairments (e.g. locomotor) which result in inconsistent approaches across disability type. • in both census and NSS, piloting new methods of asking disability questions which are more in line with good international practice as exemplified by the UN’s Washington Group and by WHO. Box 1.2 below gives examples from the Washington Group census questions, which have already been field tested in 7 developing countries including India. 30 While these questions also have their challenges (e.g. dressing may be more difficult in some countries than others, or for women than men), and are still not well-tuned to capturing a number of mental disabilities, the general approach to look at activities of daily life is instructive. • either adding additional specific categories of disability to such investigations or at least allowing for a broad “other category”. 28 See ORG-MARG (2006) for UP and TN; Unnati and Handicap International, op.cit., for Gujarat; Erb and Harriss-White, op.cit., for TN; Lang (2000) for Karnataka; ActionAid (200*) for AP and (200*) for Rajasthan. 29 See Mitra and Sambamoorthi (2006). 30 The countries are Vietnam, India, South Africa, Philippines, Fiji, Indonesia and Mongolia. See Mont, op.cit. -19-
Box 1.2: Census questions on disability designed by UN Washington Group on Disability Statistics The Washington Group has developed some model census questions on disability, as follows: Because of a physical, mental or emotional health condition…. 72.1. Do you have difficulty seeing even if wearing glasses ? 72.2. Do you have difficulty hearing even if using hearing aid/s or are you deaf ? 72.3. Do you have difficulty walking or climbing stairs “ 72.4. Do you have difficulty remembering or concentrating ? 72.5. Do you have difficulty (with self-care such as ) washing all over or dressing ? 72.6. Do you have difficulties communicating (for example, understanding or being understood by others) ? Question response options are No, Some, a Lot, and Unable. Source: UN Washington group, cited in Mont, 2007. • revising the NSS disability module for the next dedicated round, in particular improving how questions about disability are asked, PWD household consumption information and other welfare indicators. GoI, state governments and the non-government sector should also facilitate more detailed analysis of existing data than has been typical to date, and consider financing future analysis more systematically to address the large knowledge gaps on the socio-economic situation of people with disabilities. • incorporating disability questions into mainstream health, education and other surveys to an extent not done to date. This includes the main schedules of NSS, so that more reliable comparisons between the disabled and non-disabled populations on critical indicators like educational attainment can be made. -20-
Page 1 and 2: PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
Page 3 and 4: Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7 and 8: Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
Page 9 and 10: Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
Page 11 and 12: NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
Page 13 and 14: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 15 and 16: needs to respond more proactively t
Page 17 and 18: government strategies for promoting
Page 19 and 20: Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
Page 21 and 22: 40. In early 2006, a National Polic
Page 23 and 24: should move to implement the Act’
Page 25 and 26: 54. Addressing current and future p
Page 27 and 28: disability SHGs, which has been sho
Page 29 and 30: have comparative advantage is putti
Page 31 and 32: extent of individual functioning du
Page 33 and 34: converting income into well-being o
Page 35 and 36: 21. In light of the challenges that
Page 37 and 38: not be explained by this. The major
Page 39 and 40: Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
Page 41 and 42: The share of disability impact due
Page 43 and 44: • It is also important to recall
Page 45 and 46: 1.17. A second issue with obvious i
Page 47: Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
Page 51 and 52: Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
Page 53 and 54: • overall, there is low acceptanc
Page 55 and 56: Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
Page 57 and 58: different areas, as for example the
Page 59 and 60: governmental sectors drive home the
Page 61 and 62: Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
Page 63 and 64: • onset of mental disabilities is
Page 65 and 66: 3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
Page 67 and 68: B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70: 3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72: almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74: PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80: Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82: Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84: 3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86: including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88: A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90: 4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92: • significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96: Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98: 4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100:
only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102:
The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104:
IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106:
part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108:
well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110:
performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112:
DLROs has contributed to West Benga
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CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
Page 115 and 116:
atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
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• the relative wages of PWD to no
Page 121 and 122:
of age and disability status. Multi
Page 123 and 124:
5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126:
equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128:
5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
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consistent with survey findings. Na
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exchanges are in any event servicin
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Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
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Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
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D. Conclusions and recommendations
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is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
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Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
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Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
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Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
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6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
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6.35. While the design of the insur
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people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
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7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
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7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
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• in the area of education, the p
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awareness raising about disability
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more formal institutions in disabil
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7.28 There is little detailed analy
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Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
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systematically related to the numbe
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• collaboration between NGOs and
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moving to improved outcomes for PWD
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CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
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Box 8.1: International and regional
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The comparison of institutional arr
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laudable, there are concerns that m
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ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
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of prevalence estimates across the
Page 185 and 186:
person will be treated as having
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People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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