People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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PWD have high rates of illiteracy relative to the general population, for some disabilities close to double national averages Figure 1.7: Educational attainment for general population and by disability, 2001 Figure *.*: Educational attainment for general population and by disability, 2001 Mental Movement Hearing Speech Visual All PWD Graduate + Matric/sec < grad Middle Primary Literate < primary Illiterate General 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Source: Census, 2001. % of category 1.21. In addition to the very high average rates of out-of-school children among disabled children, the rates among some disability categories are extremely high, with more than 60 percent of multiple disability and almost half of mentally disabled 6-13 year olds out of school. Even the lowest disability group (surprisingly, visual) have almost 30 percent of children in the general education group out of school. It is very clear from these numbers that India’s hopes of reaching the educational MDGs are highly unlikely to be realized unless there is major improvement in getting CWD into school. The proportions of children with disabilities out of basic education is dramatically higher than national averages for non-disabled children Figure 1.8: Share of 6-13 year olds out of school by social category, 2005 Figure *.*: Share of 6-13 year olds out of school by social category, 2005 Multiple Locomotor Speech Hearing Visual Mental All disabled Muslim OBC ST SC Females Males All children 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Source: SRI (2005) % of category out of school 1.22. In terms of individual and household welfare, employment is a key variable for analysis among disabled adults. This is discussed in detail in Chapter 5, but summary statistics are presented in Figure 1.9, which indicates that PWD employment rates were substantially below those of the general population in both urban and rural areas and for both genders. Chapter 5 also shows that the relative employment situation of people with disabilities has deteriorated during the 1990s, with those with the lowest educational levels doing the worst. -17-
Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD and non-PWD by gender and location, early 2000s Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD and non-PWD by gender and location, early 2000s 100 %of working age population 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 RMPWD RMGEN UMPWD UMGEN RF PWD RF GEN UF PWD UF GEN ALL PWD ALL GEN Source: Mitra and Sambamoorthi, based on NSS 58 th and 47 th rounds in 2002 and 1991 (PWD) and 55 th and 50 th rounds in 1993/94 and 1999/00 (non-PWD). 1.23. A final key individual welfare indicator for women is marriage and widowhood rates. It has been clearly shown that widows in India have much lower average living standards, and much sociological literature attests also to their low social standing and high levels of vulnerability. 26 NSS data indicate that women with disabilities have much higher rates of widowhood than women without disabilities in both urban and rural areas – in both cases around four times the non-WWD rate. Conversely, the proportion of women with disabilities who are currently married is much lower than non-disabled women. This can be seen for the first half of the 1990s in Figure 1.10. The explanation for such differential rates can most likely be found in the common practice of marrying of women with disabilities to men much older than themselves – men who are unable to find more “marketable” brides. 27 Rates of widowhood for women with disabilities are around four times those of women without disability, and the share of women with disabilities who are married is around half Figure 1.10: Marital Status of Women with and without Disability (1991&1993-4 for ages >15) Source: Das (2006). B. Conclusions and recommendations 1.24. A range of non-income indicators, together with the asset and consumption findings from the UP and TN survey, cumulatively suggest that PWD households and individuals are notably worse off than average. These include: 26 Dreze (200*). 27 See Unnati and Handicap International (2004) for more detailed marriage data and qualitative insights on the marriage practices of men and women with disabilities in Gujarat. -18-
Page 1 and 2: PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
Page 3 and 4: Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7 and 8: Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
Page 9 and 10: Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
Page 11 and 12: NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
Page 13 and 14: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 15 and 16: needs to respond more proactively t
Page 17 and 18: government strategies for promoting
Page 19 and 20: Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
Page 21 and 22: 40. In early 2006, a National Polic
Page 23 and 24: should move to implement the Act’
Page 25 and 26: 54. Addressing current and future p
Page 27 and 28: disability SHGs, which has been sho
Page 29 and 30: have comparative advantage is putti
Page 31 and 32: extent of individual functioning du
Page 33 and 34: converting income into well-being o
Page 35 and 36: 21. In light of the challenges that
Page 37 and 38: not be explained by this. The major
Page 39 and 40: Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
Page 41 and 42: The share of disability impact due
Page 43 and 44: • It is also important to recall
Page 45: 1.17. A second issue with obvious i
Page 49 and 50: Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
Page 51 and 52: Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
Page 53 and 54: • overall, there is low acceptanc
Page 55 and 56: Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
Page 57 and 58: different areas, as for example the
Page 59 and 60: governmental sectors drive home the
Page 61 and 62: Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
Page 63 and 64: • onset of mental disabilities is
Page 65 and 66: 3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
Page 67 and 68: B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70: 3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72: almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74: PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80: Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82: Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84: 3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86: including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88: A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90: 4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92: • significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96: Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98:
4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100:
only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102:
The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104:
IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106:
part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108:
well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110:
performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112:
DLROs has contributed to West Benga
Page 113 and 114:
CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
Page 115 and 116:
atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
Page 119 and 120:
• the relative wages of PWD to no
Page 121 and 122:
of age and disability status. Multi
Page 123 and 124:
5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126:
equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128:
5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
Page 129 and 130:
consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132:
exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134:
Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135 and 136:
Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
Page 137 and 138:
D. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 139 and 140:
is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
Page 141 and 142:
Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
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Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146:
Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
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6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150:
6.35. While the design of the insur
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people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154:
7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156:
7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158:
• in the area of education, the p
Page 159 and 160:
awareness raising about disability
Page 161 and 162:
more formal institutions in disabil
Page 163 and 164:
7.28 There is little detailed analy
Page 165 and 166:
Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
Page 167 and 168:
systematically related to the numbe
Page 169 and 170:
• collaboration between NGOs and
Page 171 and 172:
moving to improved outcomes for PWD
Page 173 and 174:
CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
Page 175 and 176:
Box 8.1: International and regional
Page 177 and 178:
The comparison of institutional arr
Page 179 and 180:
laudable, there are concerns that m
Page 181 and 182:
ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
Page 183 and 184:
of prevalence estimates across the
Page 185 and 186:
person will be treated as having
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People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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