People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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to the private sector to assess need, in the best cases through local market assessment which have proved very effective, as the case of DISHA from Rajasthan shows (see Box 5.6). • monitoring of employment and wage outcomes for PWD trainees tends not to happen. Of course, full-blown M&E may be costly, but more structured attempts to get employment outcomes would act as a key indicator of local demand. There are, however, good practice examples like the WORTH Trust who have conducted serious survey-based monitoring of both employment and wage outcomes of their trainees. • there is limited effort to promote integrated training of PWD and non-PWD, and limited cross-disability training even among people with disabilities. There will be cases where segregated training is preferred by PWD. However, as it is often perceptions of employers and other non-PWD workers in the market that contribute to poor LM outcomes for PWD, efforts to promote more integrated training would be worth pursuing where feasible. • women tend to be seriously under-represented in vocational training. This is driven by a range of factors, including training offered and its male bias in many cases, lack of suitable accommodation for PWD women in residential courses, low household expectations for PWD women etc. • on the job training in firms outside the NGO itself is to date very under-developed. 5.56. The above points indicate that there remains considerable scope for adjusting the skill development and employment promotion activities of NGOs. However, there is also evidence of considerable innovation and dynamism in the NGO sector which is largely lacking in the public sector interventions to date. The most successful operations in the NGO sector appear not only to be achieving better labor market outcomes than any of the public sector interventions, but also to be flexible enough to adapt their product lines and methods to changing market conditions. It is not possible to provide a comprehensive overview of such successes, but the examples of the WORTH Trust in Tamil Nadu (see Box 5.5), the Indian Institute of Cerebral Palsy in Kolkata, and a public-private partnership in Mumbai indicate the success and capacity of NGO institutions to engage effectively with the private sector to promote good outcome for their PWD clients. Box 5.6: Knowing your Market: DISHA DISHA, a local NGO in Jaipur, carried out a study on 16 types of industries to have a better understanding of local employment opportunities and assess skill development needs for adolescents and adults with mental handicaps, autism and cerebral palsy. The study enabled DISHA to identify 18 potential areas for job placement and gain a better understanding of local employers’ concerns and potential barriers to employment of PWD. Employers also provided suggestions on resources for training which reduced the need to develop in-house expertise. The results formed the basis for decisions on the skill development courses they would provide in their vocational training unit i.e. cooking, crafts, silver jewellery, block printing, recycling unit. The investment in understanding the market both for products and jobs has had multiple effects. It has helped bring DISHA closer to employers and hence be in a better position to support job placement of persons with mental handicaps in their companies. It has helped DISHA target job opportunities for persons with mental handicaps in industries where they are seldom seen i.e. Five star hotels, edible product manufacturing units and fabric printing units. It has diversified the training options for persons with disabilities which continue to evolve on the basis of market demand i.e. initially they produced biscuits for sale to hotels now with greater interest in “different types of bread” they are venturing into bread production. Source: Officer (2005). -107-
D. Conclusions and recommendations 5.57. It is clear from the review of active labor policies in the public sector and private interventions that there are no magic solutions to the poor employment outcomes of PWD. Improving employment outcomes for people with disabilities starts with the education system and community attitudes. Public interventions have achieved minimal coverage over a sustained period, with no signs of significant improvement. There are relative out-performers by state under different programs, but even those achieve low outcomes in absolute terms. NGO programs face inherent challenges of scale and often need stronger linkage to the labor market to improve impact. Several recommendations emerge from the analysis: 5.58. Improving public sector employment practices. First, the reservation for disabled workers needs to be reviewed and reformed. If a quota approach is retained, it should be based on a share of all posts in public agencies and discontinue the practice of “identified posts”. The Government should also review whether special employment exchanges should be integrated into the regular exchange network. In either event, there must be a systematic engagement with the private sector to assess labor market demand and move away from the current focus on public sector employment. TN and Gujarat provide promising models in this regard. Awareness campaigns for public programs are needed, as knowledge about available programs remains low. 5.59. Improving quality of private sector initiatives, and strengthening public-private partnerships. GoI and the NGO and private sectors should jointly review the draft private sector incentives policy for people with disabilities developed by NCPEDP and FIICI to assess its financial and administrative feasibility and adopt those measures deemed workable into policy. There should be dissemination by the Commissioners’ offices of good practice in public and private sector enterprises in hiring and promotion of inclusive workplaces for people with disabilities. In particular, a review of the impact and viability of NHFDC should be carried out. At a minimum, the structure of NHFDC schemes needs to be revised so as to give SCAs, NGOs and banks better incentives to participate, and accountability mechanisms for channelling agencies improved. There should also be more experimentation with group-based lending to disability SHGs, which has been shown in states like AP (and in mainstream targeted credit programs) to be more effective than individual lending in expanding credit coverage. 5.60. Increasing outreach to marginalized groups and regions. Both public and NGO training for disabled people needs to make greater efforts to include women with disabilities and a broader range of disabilities. They also need to develop simple processes for regular assessment of labor market demand. Pilot interventions for rural outreach of both public and NGO active labor programs are needed, and public funds from existing programs should be dedicated to this purpose. This will require much stronger engagement with communities and SHGs of disabled people. -108-
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PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
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NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
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Out of school rates for CWD are hig
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needs to respond more proactively t
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government strategies for promoting
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Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
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40. In early 2006, a National Polic
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should move to implement the Act’
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54. Addressing current and future p
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disability SHGs, which has been sho
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have comparative advantage is putti
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extent of individual functioning du
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converting income into well-being o
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21. In light of the challenges that
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not be explained by this. The major
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Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
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The share of disability impact due
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• It is also important to recall
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1.17. A second issue with obvious i
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Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
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Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
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• overall, there is low acceptanc
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Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
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different areas, as for example the
Page 59 and 60:
governmental sectors drive home the
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Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
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• onset of mental disabilities is
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3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
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B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
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3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
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almost three times more likely to h
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PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
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Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
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Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
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Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
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Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
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3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86: including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88: A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90: 4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92: • significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96: Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98: 4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100: only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102: The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104: IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106: part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108: well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110: performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112: DLROs has contributed to West Benga
Page 113 and 114: CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
Page 115 and 116: atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
Page 119 and 120: • the relative wages of PWD to no
Page 121 and 122: of age and disability status. Multi
Page 123 and 124: 5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126: equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128: 5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
Page 129 and 130: consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132: exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134: Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135: Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
Page 139 and 140: is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146: Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
Page 147 and 148: 6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150: 6.35. While the design of the insur
Page 151 and 152: people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154: 7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156: 7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158: • in the area of education, the p
Page 159 and 160: awareness raising about disability
Page 161 and 162: more formal institutions in disabil
Page 163 and 164: 7.28 There is little detailed analy
Page 165 and 166: Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
Page 167 and 168: systematically related to the numbe
Page 169 and 170: • collaboration between NGOs and
Page 171 and 172: moving to improved outcomes for PWD
Page 173 and 174: CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
Page 175 and 176: Box 8.1: International and regional
Page 177 and 178: The comparison of institutional arr
Page 179 and 180: laudable, there are concerns that m
Page 181 and 182: ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
Page 183 and 184: of prevalence estimates across the
Page 185 and 186: person will be treated as having
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