People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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Conclusions and recommendations: 8.21. It is clear that promoting access for people with disabilities is a long term agenda. Nonetheless, there remains considerable room for improving the policies, procedures, and processes which will be necessary to provide a solid platform for action over the short, medium and long terms. Some recommendations that emerge include: • both national and sub-national policies on promoting access for people with disabilities should be required to include consultation with disabled people in setting priorities. • states and/or municipal authorities which have yet to amend their building bye-laws to comply with the 1998 guidelines should be encouraged to do so in the nearest future. These should allow for clear sanctions in case of failure to comply with accessibility standards, and administrative clarity on official accountability in cases of failure to comply. • MoSJE in collaboration with Commissioner’s offices, the Ministry of Urban Development and Employment, and the states should work towards benchmarking minimum national standards of accessibility to which authorities could be held accountable. This are a necessity under the new UN convention. • the recommendation of the Amendment Committee for the PWD Act which would strengthen obligations on access for all new public buildings and built environment should be taken up. • access audits by Commissioners’ offices, NGO and others should be increased, with a strengthened follow-up mechanism for implementing remedial measures identified. • public funds for the welfare of disabled people should also be used to support research on their access priorities, development of assistive devices for improving mobility of disabled people, implementing cost-effective universal design, and analysis of the impacts and costs of failure to provide accessible environments. While these are all possibilities under the PWD Act, in practice there has been very limited research on these subjects. • there should be systematic involvement of disabled people and other civil society actors in monitoring of accessibility through requirement of access audits on all significant public infrastructural projects, including social infrastructure. • university and in-service training courses for architects, engineers and planners should include exposure to principles and practices of universal design and accessibility as a standard course element. Financing for designated centres of excellence in this area should be made available. -151-
ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE: DISABILITY ESTIMATES IN THE CENSUS AND THE NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY 219 1. Disability prevalence estimates often differ across and within countries. In India, according to the 58 th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS), there were 18.5 million persons with disabilities in 2002 compared with 21.9 million reported by the Census of 2001. This translates to a 20 percent difference in the prevalence estimates. It is important to try and understand the differences in prevalence estimates from the Census of India of 2001 and the 58 th round of the NSS. This annex explores the factors that contribute to the differences between the two sources, including different sampling designs and disability definitions. 2. The Census and the NSS have different sampling design. The Census is an enumeration of the entire population of India while the NSS has a nationally representative stratified sample. 3. In both sources, disability was self-reported. Different definitions of overall disability and disability types may have contributed to differences in estimates. Overall disability: 4. The Census of 2001 does not have a general definition of disability. Instead, a question on type of disability was included in the population enumeration section as follows: “If the person is physically/mentally disabled, give appropriate code number from the list below: in seeing, in speech, in hearing, in movement, mental.” The Census thus has a functional limitation question, which prompts respondents to report their type of functional limitation (e.g., in seeing, hearing). 5. In schedule 0.0 of the 58 th round of the NSS, some broad information about the households (e.g., housing conditions, disability) were collected during the household listing. This information was required mainly to identify and develop a frame for selection of households for subsequent schedules, including schedule 26 administered only to households with persons with disabilities. In the NSS, a person is considered disabled “if the person has restrictions or lack of abilities to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being”. Disability is thus defined as an activity limitation in the NSS. 6. The disability question and the definitions of different disability types used in the Census and the NSS are presented in Table A2.1. Prevalence estimates are reported in Bhanushali (2005). Type of disability: 7. In both sources, persons who report being disabled are asked about their limitation types (mental, locomotor, visual, hearing, speech). Despite similar sequence in the identification of disability types, there are also tremendous variations in prevalence estimates of types of disability across the two data sources. 8. Visual: (Higher Census – Lower NSS) According to the Census 2001, nearly 50 percent of PWDs are visually disabled, compared to 15.3 percent in the NSS. For visual disability, the Census includes persons who have blurred vision and have had no occasion to test their vision. It thus includes persons who may be able to see with spectacles. In contrast, the NSS does not consider whether or not a person’s vision has been tested and focuses on the ability to perform tasks requiring visual acuity. 219 This annex is drawn from the background paper by Mitra and Sambamoorthi (2006). -152-
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PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
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NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
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Out of school rates for CWD are hig
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needs to respond more proactively t
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government strategies for promoting
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Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
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40. In early 2006, a National Polic
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should move to implement the Act’
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54. Addressing current and future p
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disability SHGs, which has been sho
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have comparative advantage is putti
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extent of individual functioning du
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converting income into well-being o
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21. In light of the challenges that
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not be explained by this. The major
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Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
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The share of disability impact due
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• It is also important to recall
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1.17. A second issue with obvious i
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Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
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Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
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• overall, there is low acceptanc
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Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
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different areas, as for example the
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governmental sectors drive home the
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Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
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• onset of mental disabilities is
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3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
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B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
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3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
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almost three times more likely to h
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PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
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Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
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Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
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Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
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Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
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3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
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including for road accidents, and e
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A. Indian and International Policy
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4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
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• significant gender differential
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Out of school rates for CWD are hig
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Only around 5 percent of children w
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4.30. (b) Financial performance of
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only factor contributing to both po
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The numbers of CWD identified by SS
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IE training options. The impacts of
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part of the authorities to increase
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well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
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performance in the schooling system
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DLROs has contributed to West Benga
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CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
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atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
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Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
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• the relative wages of PWD to no
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of age and disability status. Multi
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5.23. For males in the survey, a de
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equirement of specific post identif
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5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
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Page 177 and 178: The comparison of institutional arr
Page 179: laudable, there are concerns that m
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People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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