People with Disabilities in India: From Commitment to Outcomes

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men and women work at all in households with disabled members; and (ii) the impact on how much work they do for those who are working. 5.13. Multivariate analysis found that the impacts of having a disabled member on employment participation exhibits a significant gender difference, with other males 21 percent more likely to be working, and virtually no impact on the employment of adult women. The gender difference can be probably explained by the nature of women’s work. In aggregate, the income effect therefore appears to dominate in terms of the impact of disability on the employment of other household adults. 5.14. The survey also explored the impact on both non-PWD household member labor due to caring requirements of the PWD household member, and on the school participation of children (the latter discussed in Chapter 5). Table 5.5 below indicates the share of households where an adult at times stayed home from work to care for the PWD, and how often this occurred. It is clear that the impact on the amount of work of other adults in the household is significant. Around 45 percent of households with a PWD report an adult missing work sometimes to care for their family member. Among those, 83 percent missed some work every day to care for their household member. The average hours of work missed for carers on days where they missed work for caring was 2.5, or close to one third of the average working day. These are clearly major impacts on the household economy of a large share of households with PWD members. Table 5.5: Missed work by adult HH members of PWD due to caring, UP and TN, 2005 Frequency of some missed work for caring Share of households reporting Any adult missing some work 44.7% Of which: Every day 83.3% About one day a week 2.9% At least one day a month 4.2% Less often than one day a month and other 5.8% Average hours of work missed for caring on days where some work missed Source: 30 Village survey, 2005 2.5 hours 5.15. The survey also explored who in the household provided such care. Overwhelmingly, it is provided by parents or spouse, in 57 percent of cases a parent and in 21 percent of cases a spouse. 127 Also of note is that less than 1 percent of households with a PWD member had caring performed by someone from outside the household. 5.16. The aggregate effect of having a disabled household member on the employment of other adults is therefore complex. Overall, other adults are more likely to be in the workforce. However, they are also found to do less work in a day due to the requirements of caring for their disabled family member. B. Determinants of employment for PWD 5.17. The above analyses are based on descriptive statistics from NSS and other sources. Their shortcoming is that the employment outcomes of PWD reported conflate the employment impacts of disabilities themselves with other characteristics of PWD, e.g. if PWD are on average older than the general working age population, their lower employment rate may reflect a combination 127 See Mitra and Sambamoorthi, op.cit. Unfortunately, parental care was not collected by gender. -91-
of age and disability status. Multivariate analysis of the NSS data provides more precise insights into the determinants of employment among PWD. Potential determinants include demographic characteristics (gender, age, marital status), rural/urban, disability characteristics (type of disability, severity of disability, disability at birth), human capital characteristics (education, vocational training, work experience). 5.18. Table 5.6 presents results of a probit model of employment among PWD using the 58 th round of the NSS. 128 The results confirm some of the earlier findings. The following characteristics are associated with higher probabilities of employment among the PWD sample: • living in rural areas, where the likelihood of PWD being employed is over 20 percent higher than in urban areas and highly significant statistically. This is consistent with anecdotal evidence of greater accommodation of PWD in rural work settings and possible income effects. • being a male • having a disability since birth, with the effect more pronounced in rural areas • having a hearing, speech, or locomotor disability. The positive sign of the coefficient of the multiple disability dummy in the rural subsamples is surprising. • being married has a relatively strong positive effect on the probability of being employed for males, but a negative effect for women. • increased age is positively associated with the probability of employment. There is a quadratic effect in age in both male and female subsamples, with the probability of employment growing at a decreasing rate. • having a postgraduate education (with the positive effect much stronger for women) and having vocational training. 5.19. In contrast to the above positive impacts among PWD, there are several variables which are associated with a lower probability of being employed. These include: • having a mental illness has a strong (and statistically highly significant) negative impact on the probability of employment. For those with mental illness, the effect is much stronger in urban than rural areas, which is consistent with findings from NIMHANS that mental illness may be more stigmatizing in urban than rural settings (perhaps in part due to the nature of work, but also perhaps related to the additional stigma attaching to diagnosis). 129 • having mental retardation has an even stronger negative impact on the probability of being employed, and is also highly significant statistically. 5.20. Surprisingly, across all sub-samples, the educational level dummies have coefficients that are close to zero, with the exception of having a postgraduate education. Thus, overall it appears that work experience rather than education increases the probability of being employed for PWD. 5.21. For a number of characteristics, there is clear heterogeneity in the impact of certain characteristics between men and women and between rural and urban areas. Some characteristics (e.g. the strength of the impact of a hearing disability on employment) show weaker impacts for both men and women in urban than rural areas. Others (e.g. like the impact of being married and the impact of vocational training) show clearer gender rather than locational differences. One example is the impact of postgraduate education among different PWD groups. Another is the strength of the negative impact of mental illness on employment, with the effect far more pronounced in urban areas as noted. 128 It also accounts for the stratified sample design with weights from schedule 26 of the 58 th round. 129 Insert NIMHANS reference. -92-
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PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN INDIA:
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADL ANM
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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Figure 5.3: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 5.4: A Jobs Fair Bringing Emplo
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NGOs, both quantitative and qualita
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Out of school rates for CWD are hig
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needs to respond more proactively t
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government strategies for promoting
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Safety Net Schemes 33. Safety nets
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40. In early 2006, a National Polic
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should move to implement the Act’
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54. Addressing current and future p
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disability SHGs, which has been sho
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have comparative advantage is putti
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extent of individual functioning du
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converting income into well-being o
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21. In light of the challenges that
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not be explained by this. The major
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Table 1.2: Disability Prevalence ra
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The share of disability impact due
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• It is also important to recall
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1.17. A second issue with obvious i
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Figure 1.9: Employment rates of PWD
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Box 1.2: Census questions on disabi
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Box 2.1: Disability in Indian mytho
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• overall, there is low acceptanc
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Table 2.2: Positive perceptions of
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different areas, as for example the
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governmental sectors drive home the
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Box 2.4: Raising awareness and chan
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• onset of mental disabilities is
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3.9. Locomotor disability is the ca
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B. Prevention of Disability 3.15. A
Page 69 and 70: 3.20. The NBCP, like other vertical
Page 71 and 72: almost three times more likely to h
Page 73 and 74: PWDs. The scheme operates in 11 cen
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.4: Proportion of disabled
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.11: Type of Service Accesse
Page 79 and 80: Urban 1.46 North 1.40 South 1.10 Ea
Page 81 and 82: Box 3.1: WHO’s “Ten Question Pl
Page 83 and 84: 3.51. (f) Financial barriers to acc
Page 85 and 86: including for road accidents, and e
Page 87 and 88: A. Indian and International Policy
Page 89 and 90: 4.9. A specific feature of SSA is a
Page 91 and 92: • significant gender differential
Page 93 and 94: Out of school rates for CWD are hig
Page 95 and 96: Only around 5 percent of children w
Page 97 and 98: 4.30. (b) Financial performance of
Page 99 and 100: only factor contributing to both po
Page 101 and 102: The numbers of CWD identified by SS
Page 103 and 104: IE training options. The impacts of
Page 105 and 106: part of the authorities to increase
Page 107 and 108: well beyond the needs of CWD alone.
Page 109 and 110: performance in the schooling system
Page 111 and 112: DLROs has contributed to West Benga
Page 113 and 114: CHAPTER 5: EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WI
Page 115 and 116: atios, while others such as J&K, Bi
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.8: Employment rates over t
Page 119: • the relative wages of PWD to no
Page 123 and 124: 5.23. For males in the survey, a de
Page 125 and 126: equirement of specific post identif
Page 127 and 128: 5.34. Nonetheless, there has been u
Page 129 and 130: consistent with survey findings. Na
Page 131 and 132: exchanges are in any event servicin
Page 133 and 134: Source: NHFDC website reporting cum
Page 135 and 136: Box 5.5: Good practice in NGO skill
Page 137 and 138: D. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 139 and 140: is set. In the case of SGSY, the gu
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.2: States/UTs with unemploy
Page 143 and 144: Table 6.4: Coverage of disability s
Page 145 and 146: Table 6.6: Contributions and benefi
Page 147 and 148: 6.24. Easily the largest scheme for
Page 149 and 150: 6.35. While the design of the insur
Page 151 and 152: people. The transfer under NOAPS wa
Page 153 and 154: 7.4 (a) The Persons with Disabiliti
Page 155 and 156: 7.8 (ii) Sectoral policy issues in
Page 157 and 158: • in the area of education, the p
Page 159 and 160: awareness raising about disability
Page 161 and 162: more formal institutions in disabil
Page 163 and 164: 7.28 There is little detailed analy
Page 165 and 166: Table 7.2: Institutions providing b
Page 167 and 168: systematically related to the numbe
Page 169 and 170: • collaboration between NGOs and
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moving to improved outcomes for PWD
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CHAPTER 8: ACCESS FOR PEOPLE WITH D
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Box 8.1: International and regional
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The comparison of institutional arr
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laudable, there are concerns that m
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ANNEX 1: COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE
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of prevalence estimates across the
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person will be treated as having
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