biological diversity and tropical forests in tunisia - PART

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Icfl~ecces. The scarcity of vegetation resources in the hieh steppe puts a high demecd oc the forage acd woody plants in the mocrtaics. Grazicg is so heavy that herbs are oftec eaten before they drop seed ecd many of the woody placts have been hedged by livestock or c ~ far t fiielvoad. This leaves the groucd bare acd v~lnerable to erosion when the first wicter storms start. The E-K oriented chaie of mouctaics passice throsgh Cefsa, to the north of acd parallel to the chotts, separates the high esparto grass steppes from the more arid steppe areas of the so~th. Two locatiocs of special interest alocg that chaic are described below. 4 . Djebel Bou Ramli Djebel 93: Eamli is located 25 km cortwest of Gafsa. A s m m i t altltcde of 1:56 n makes Dj. Eo.; 3amli the highast of the nor;rtalcs to the west of Gafsa. Rocky, calcareo~s slopes descecd to esparto grass steppes or- t n c3rt.h ~ sjde acd sebkhets oc the south side. Esparto Grass grows over the entire mosctaic, j.c ass3ciet,ioc vi.th degrade6 popl;latjocs of Juriper~s ~hoecicea acd holm oak at the sumit, ard G~riste nicroce~hale var. capitella acd Artemisja canpestris or the lower slopes. There are also associatiocs of rosemary or the slopes. A t the fo9t 3f the noxtaic, Parsetia aegyptiaca and Cladarthss arabiccs grow with the ~sperto grass acd extecd Scto the scrra~rding plaics. A c~mber of rarE species are also foscd ic the rich flora of this arid nouxtair. (~eterker ard Radford 1969). Pa.xa are characteristj c of the Gafsa mouctaics (~ectioc 4). The noxtajr. has beer. a protected area for macy years, bit the effectiveress of the protectioc has cot beec recer-tly assessed. Acy vegetatioc removal wo~ld affect species compostiocs acd leave the slopes s>;sceptible to iccreased erosioc rates. 3.4.4.2. Djebel Bou Hedma 34'30' !I 9'38' E A sshtherc mosctair of special interest is Dj. BOG H~dma. Located 85 kilometers east of Gafsa acd 45 km west of the coast, the mo~ctaic is ic the trarsjtioc zoce betweer certral aed soctherc T~cjsia (pottier- Ala?~tite :979). From a smnj t altit>ide of 790 m, the mowtain descerds feirly rclpldly (slopes > 25:) to the foothills, which deecer-d nore grad-tlly to the s~rroxdjr-g steppes. !,:axe acd ~ypsc~ deposi ts 5r the calcercs,~ nassif RTF xeathered to forn the soils of the slopes ar2 base.
A. Vegetation A t the sammit of Bou Hedna, additional moistzre from low clouds produces ac Arid Superior bioclimate and results ic vegetation groups typical of aleppo pice formatiocs (~choenenber~er 1986). Above 600 - 700 meters, depecdicg on the expositioc, associatiocs 5nclude: Rosmaricus officinalis Leuzea conifera Globalaria alypum Fumana thymifolia Gecista cinerea F. ericoides Cistus libacotus Bupleurum gibraltaricum Pistacia lectiscus Helianthemum cicereum Cectaurea tenuif olia H. virgatum Phagcaloc rapestre H. semfglabrum Below the s~nmit acd on the foothills is a vegetatior grocp that characterizes climax jacjper forests. Degradatioc of the climax forest is sigcified by the presecce of esparto grass. J~ciper~s phoecicea Pituracthos scoparizs Rosmariczs offlcinalis Thymas hirtus Globslaria alypsm Sedum sediforme Stipa teracissima Teucrium ramosissimam Fumaca laevipes Heliacthemum hirtum At the base of the mozctaic is a vegetation group associated with calcareozs cr~sts ard gypsoas soils, with: Astragalas arnatzs Atractylis serratuloides Acabasis oropediorum Erodiam hirtum Gyrncocarpos decacder Aristada ciliata Tetrapogoc villos~s Stipa parviflora Heliarthemum kahjrlczm Herneari a fontacesf i Coris mocspeliecsi s Moricandia arvecsis Rhzs tripartltm Fagocia cretica Schoececberger (1986) also described associations foacd at springs (inclzdicg the rare Sacchordm raveccae), streams, marshes acd rocky faults. A complete plact list for the moartair acd adjacect plaic is giver in the pre-pro ject proposal for BOJ Hedma Natiocal park- (~ir. For. 1980). B. Fauna Mammals. Boz Hedma has maey mammals endemic to North Africa acd some threatened species, such as aoudad, dorcas gazelles, slerder-homed gazelles acd sand cat Felis margarita (~ir. For. 1980). Other mammals that have beer reported icclzde jackal, genet, brow. hare, desert hedgehog, sacd fox Vulpos rupelli, kaffir cat, Saharan striped .weasel Poecilictis libyca, acd a variety of rodects and bats:
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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL F
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Preface Exec2tjve Sxmmary BIOLOGICA
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List of Figures: LISTS OF FIGURES A
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EIOLOCICAL DIVERSITY AXD TROPICAL F
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Vast areas are domicated by steppe
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Effective pollctioc coctrol legisla
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2. BACKGROUND INFOREATIOC ON TUNISI
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Table 1. Climate and Bioclimate Dat
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Important factors influencing the r
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have been made of medicinal plants
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forage plants that have Graminees :
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2.4 FAUNA Currently, about 75 speci
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All of the large mammals of Tunisia
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3. PRIMARY ECOSYSTENS OF TUFISIA 3.
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Urban wastes (sewage) also alter co
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combination of surface waters produ
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Raf Raf is highly cultivated, excep
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B. Fauna Rhodophyceae (red algae) L
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Mean annuah temperatures along this
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3.1.4. Culf of Cabes: Rass Kaboudia
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B. Fauna -- Mamnals. Although there
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Little grsbe Great crested grebe Bl
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Figure 5 Locations of Islands of Tu
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A. Vegetation Wuch of Galite is cov
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Duricg the cesticg season it is con
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species appearing at this stage inc
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factors increase predation on uplan
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B. Fauna Kuriate is one of the thre
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Fishermen construct long barricades
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A. Vegetation Most of Jerba has bee
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3.3. WETLANDS In this docamect the
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3.3.1 . Harkne Lakes and Lagoons 3.
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the number of species (zouali 1975)
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Honey buzzard Black kite Egyptian v
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B. Fauna Mammals. Red fox, jackal,
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center and the lake edge is highly
Page 73 and 74: 3.3.1.6. Thyna Salt Ponds Just sout
Page 75 and 76: 3.3.2. Sebkhets and Chotts Sebkhets
Page 77 and 78: A. Fauna Ic the south and west part
Page 79 and 80: - Birds. Two rare species of duck h
Page 81 and 82: The high numbers .of pochard and co
Page 83 and 84: A. Fauna Whet there is water, the e
Page 85 and 86: winter there. Waterfowl observed in
Page 87 and 88: wetlands have been selected as repr
Page 89 and 90: A. Vegetation Alocg the pools, the
Page 91 and 92: There are five maic mocctaic system
Page 93 and 94: The ~roumirie/~ogods are composed o
Page 95 and 96: Much of the Krournirie/~ogods has b
Page 97 and 98: Undergrowth in the zen oak stands c
Page 99 and 100: C. Irflcerces Decse forest cover no
Page 101 and 102: B. Fauca To the west of Tabarka is
Page 103 and 104: A. Vegetation The mountaic is domin
Page 105 and 106: sparse, acd the rkemaq is mixed wit
Page 107 and 108: 3.4. Tucisiac Dorsal The Tanisian D
Page 109 and 110: B. Fauca -- Mammals. Fama of Djebel
Page 111 and 112: B. Fauca Mammals living or. Dj. Mrh
Page 113 and 114: Astragalis fortanesii ssp. numidicd
Page 115 and 116: A. Vegetatioc Dj. Hansour is fairly
Page 117 and 118: B. Fauna Fauna of special interest
Page 119 and 120: C. Icfluecces The mouctaic slopes a
Page 121 and 122: 3.4.3.13. Djebel Sidi Abder Rahmane
Page 123: 3.4.4. Mouctairs of the High Steppe
Page 127 and 128: 3.4.5. Douirat !4ouctaics Ic southe
Page 129 and 130: 3.5. STEPPES The term steppe is oft
Page 131 and 132: Irfluences. The imp~cts of humar ac
Page 133 and 134: Ic the southeeat, heavier soils res
Page 135 and 136: C. Influecces Nost of the inland ar
Page 137 and 138: A t the base of Djebel Bou Hedma, t
Page 139 and 140: A. Vegetation Vegetatioc associatio
Page 141 and 142: .3.6. GRAND EASTERN ERG: SAHARA Alo
Page 143 and 144: 3.7. OASES There are abait 60,000,0
Page 145 and 146: 4. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DATA BY GOU
Page 147 and 148: - Cecetic Resource Placts: Ceratoci
Page 149 and 150: Medicical Placts: Asphodelis cerasi
Page 151 and 152: Birds: Le Kef (~orticsed ) t White
Page 153 and 154: D. SILIANA &jar Bmqstems: High Tell
Page 155 and 156: Area: 350,000 ha E. BIZERTE Major E
Page 157 and 158: Area: 290,000 ha F. NABEUL Major Ec
Page 159 and 160: Gancet Grey heror. Little egret t W
Page 161 and 162: Tucis (~ortinued) Xammals (foucd at
Page 163 and 164: Area: 375,000 ha Ha jor Ecosystems:
Page 165 and 166: Area: 665,000 ha I. KAIROUAN Major
Page 167 and 168: Area: 800,000 ha J. KASSERINE Major
Page 169 and 170: Figure 13 Birds of the '~asserice C
Page 171 and 172: - Birds: See Figure 14 Sidi Bou Zid
Page 173 and 174: Area: 280,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
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Area: 235,000 ha N. SOUSSE Major Ec
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Area : 770,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
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Area: 695,000 ha P. GABES Major Eco
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Little grebe Great crested grebe Bl
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Area: 705,000 ha Najor Ecosystems:
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Area: 2,035,000 ha R. KEBILI Major
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Area: 845,000 ha S. MEDENINE Major
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Area: 3,600,000 ha T. TATAOUIME Naj
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Area: 610,000 ha U. TOZEUR Major Ec
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Arid Regiocs Institute (Icstitute d
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Law No. 58-105, 1958: Oc slopes > 2
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One of the goals of the catiocal pa
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5.4.9. Lake ~unfs Prbtected Vetland
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6. SU!
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4. Mouataies: A. Boi Korcire G.P.:
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, PART I1
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C. Querc~s cacariecsis (Zen oak) c.
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3. STATUS OF TUNISIAN FORESTS Ocly
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4. FOREST PROTECTION A cuxect polic
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LITERATURE CITED Acdrec, L. acd 14.
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Hollis, C. 1986. The modelling acd
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Vnr. Dijk et. al. 1986. Wictering w
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ANNEX 1 RARE, VERY RARE AND ENDEMIC
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Annex 1 (~onttnued) Species Status
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Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
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Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
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Ancex 1 (~octtcued) Species Status
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Annex 1 (~onticued) Species Status
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Acnex 2 (Cocticued) Comnor Kane: Sc
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Conmoc Name: Red-breasted merganser
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Connoc Came: Aiidoaic ' s gdl Slecd
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Conmoc Nane: Moustached warbler Aqu
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ANNEX 4 HEILICENHAFEM CRITERIA (~e~
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