biological diversity and tropical forests in tunisia - PART

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2.4.3. Hunticg The Hscticg Department (Service de la ~hasse) of the Forestry Directorate is respocsible for the orgacizatioc of hccticg ic Tixisja. This icvolves deterrnicing species to be h~cted, dates of opecicg acd closicg of seasocs, locatiocs where hucticg is to be allowed acd acceptable hwting methods and equipment. The Forestry Directorate is also responsible for the ecforcemect of h~cting reg~latiocs. H-ictj.cg clubs are orgacieed ic each gouvernorat, and mazy play an important role ic promoticg wildlife conservatioc. IL 1933, 11,076 h;lr.ticg licecses were sold and 590 metric tocs of game meat were prod~ced ic additioc to trophies. This anoccted to 1.2 millioc T~cisiac Dicars, or 10s of the total valse of forestry related products harvested. The amouct has docbled ic the followicg years. I.!ild boars are especially poplilar game with foreiec hmters. Other h~cted game iccl~des: 3rovc hare Algerlac hedgehog Barbbry partridge Q;;a i 1 Sacd gro>sse T~rtle dove Stock dove Xmd Pigear. 2.4.4. Pauca Protectjoc Greylag goose Pictaj 1 Shoveler Eallard Wigeor Teal Gargarey Pochard Tlifted dsck !!oorhec Coot Uoodcock Plovers Lapwicg Lsrks Rock dove H~cticg rare ard roc-game species is prohibited. To cocserve the rare acd ecdacgered fa~ca, 32 mammal species acd macy bird species were scbmitted for icclcsioc ccder the reg~letiocs set by the Cocvectioc oc Icterratiocal "ade of Zcdacgered Specj es (CITES). There are also nacy cztjo~al parks acd reserves (Sectioc 5.4) acd approxjmately oce-third of the COir.try is closed to hscticg each year. The Forestry Directorate, Directorate of the Ecvirocmect, Tucjsian Matiire Protectioc Association (ATPIIE) and the catiocal orcithological associatio~ (AAO) are all involved in cocservatioc activities (see Sectioc 5.4). The AAO was especially icstrcnectal in gajcicg protectjoc for nigraticg raptors oc Cap Boc. A cane wardec (earde-chasse) acd me or two assistacts is assigced to each go~vercorat, b ~ with t territories of cp to 3,600,000 ha their effectjvecess is limited. Additional staff, comm~rlcatioc acd observati~c eq5ipner.t ar.d traicicq are ceeded.
3. PRIMARY ECOSYSTENS OF TUFISIA 3.1. COASTAL ZONES 2 With 1200 km of coastline acd a surface area of 164,000 km , Tucisia has oce of the highest coast1ice:surface area ratios ic A rica. A marine 3 zone to a depth of 200 meters covers ac area of 77,300 km (~cdrec 1978). The. extensive length of coastlice (figure 3) adds significactly to the biologj.ca1 diversity since there is a change in the characteristic flora and fauca of the coastal and marice ecosystems as ore progresses form the humid rocky coasts in the north to the shallow sandy coastal areas ucder the icflsecce of the Sahara ic the south. Coastal waters are influenced by the East acd West Medlterraceac basics en-0thmac 1973). Water ic the West Medjterraceac basic, which affects the corth coast, is oftee mixed with niitriect rich water from the Atlactic oceac, especially ic the wicter. The south coast is more affected by the East Mediterranear basic, which has slightly warmer water with a higher salt coctect. The East acd West basics are actiially the deep offshore waters. Shallower waters closer to shore are part of the Sicslzlo-"njsiar basic or Street of Sicily (Vac Dijk :986), which stretches from T~cisja t.o Sicily acd or to Italy, dividirg the East ard Mest Wedjterrareac basics. Altho~gh Atlantic tides do not pecetrate far icto the deep waters of the !s!editerraceac, the weak tides of the currect that flows through the Street of Sicily are amplified by the risicg seafloor of the Pelagean sea and the Gslf of Gabes (~ac Dijk 1986). Therefore, although the stee~ly slopicg sea bottom of the corth coast results in negligible tides, the shallow Gclf of Gabes has tidal amplitudes of up to 2 meters. The Tucisjac coast is clearer thac macy other parts of the Kediterreneac; revertheless, polliitioc is a serious problem affecticg the marice faxa acd flora. ?.lost of Tucjsj.als ixdcstry is located or the coast acd acti-pollstioc reeclatiocs are cot ecforced strocgly ecoiigh to prevect discharge of chemical wastes into the sea. Ic the 1970s, off-shore drillice resslted jr er average average of 300,000 toes of oil released into the sea (~cdrec acd Salem 1978). Prod~ction has decreased since thee, but pollutioc still occurs. Phosphate placts at Sfax and Gabes release coctamicated water in the sea. Some treatmect of wastewater is done, but it is inadequate for the arno~cts produced. Olive oil acd soap processing plants, cacneries, cemect factories, tacneries, paper placts acd chemical icdustries all release waste products into the sea. Other ind~stries release lubricat5oc oil, solvents, detergects, metallic powders, heavy metals, acid compoucds, etc. with their wastewater. Althoueh some industries are improving pollctioc coctrol practices, industrial expacsSoc alocg the coast is reszlticg in iccreesicg total amounts of poll~tacts. Darmozl et . 61. ( 198~) reported that chenjcal icdzstrial wastes at Gabes have cacsed have cs,sed diverse damage to the marire ecvirocmect.
Page 1 and 2: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL F
Page 3 and 4: Preface Exec2tjve Sxmmary BIOLOGICA
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures: LISTS OF FIGURES A
Page 7 and 8: EIOLOCICAL DIVERSITY AXD TROPICAL F
Page 9 and 10: Vast areas are domicated by steppe
Page 11 and 12: Effective pollctioc coctrol legisla
Page 13 and 14: 2. BACKGROUND INFOREATIOC ON TUNISI
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Climate and Bioclimate Dat
Page 17 and 18: Important factors influencing the r
Page 19 and 20: have been made of medicinal plants
Page 21 and 22: forage plants that have Graminees :
Page 23 and 24: 2.4 FAUNA Currently, about 75 speci
Page 25: All of the large mammals of Tunisia
Page 29 and 30: Urban wastes (sewage) also alter co
Page 31 and 32: combination of surface waters produ
Page 33 and 34: Raf Raf is highly cultivated, excep
Page 35 and 36: B. Fauna Rhodophyceae (red algae) L
Page 37 and 38: Mean annuah temperatures along this
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.4. Culf of Cabes: Rass Kaboudia
Page 41 and 42: B. Fauna -- Mamnals. Although there
Page 43 and 44: Little grsbe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5 Locations of Islands of Tu
Page 47 and 48: A. Vegetation Wuch of Galite is cov
Page 49 and 50: Duricg the cesticg season it is con
Page 51 and 52: species appearing at this stage inc
Page 53 and 54: factors increase predation on uplan
Page 55 and 56: B. Fauna Kuriate is one of the thre
Page 57 and 58: Fishermen construct long barricades
Page 59 and 60: A. Vegetation Most of Jerba has bee
Page 61 and 62: 3.3. WETLANDS In this docamect the
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.1 . Harkne Lakes and Lagoons 3.
Page 65 and 66: the number of species (zouali 1975)
Page 67 and 68: Honey buzzard Black kite Egyptian v
Page 69 and 70: B. Fauna Mammals. Red fox, jackal,
Page 71 and 72: center and the lake edge is highly
Page 73 and 74: 3.3.1.6. Thyna Salt Ponds Just sout
Page 75 and 76: 3.3.2. Sebkhets and Chotts Sebkhets
Page 77 and 78:
A. Fauna Ic the south and west part
Page 79 and 80:
- Birds. Two rare species of duck h
Page 81 and 82:
The high numbers .of pochard and co
Page 83 and 84:
A. Fauna Whet there is water, the e
Page 85 and 86:
winter there. Waterfowl observed in
Page 87 and 88:
wetlands have been selected as repr
Page 89 and 90:
A. Vegetation Alocg the pools, the
Page 91 and 92:
There are five maic mocctaic system
Page 93 and 94:
The ~roumirie/~ogods are composed o
Page 95 and 96:
Much of the Krournirie/~ogods has b
Page 97 and 98:
Undergrowth in the zen oak stands c
Page 99 and 100:
C. Irflcerces Decse forest cover no
Page 101 and 102:
B. Fauca To the west of Tabarka is
Page 103 and 104:
A. Vegetation The mountaic is domin
Page 105 and 106:
sparse, acd the rkemaq is mixed wit
Page 107 and 108:
3.4. Tucisiac Dorsal The Tanisian D
Page 109 and 110:
B. Fauca -- Mammals. Fama of Djebel
Page 111 and 112:
B. Fauca Mammals living or. Dj. Mrh
Page 113 and 114:
Astragalis fortanesii ssp. numidicd
Page 115 and 116:
A. Vegetatioc Dj. Hansour is fairly
Page 117 and 118:
B. Fauna Fauna of special interest
Page 119 and 120:
C. Icfluecces The mouctaic slopes a
Page 121 and 122:
3.4.3.13. Djebel Sidi Abder Rahmane
Page 123 and 124:
3.4.4. Mouctairs of the High Steppe
Page 125 and 126:
A. Vegetation A t the sammit of Bou
Page 127 and 128:
3.4.5. Douirat !4ouctaics Ic southe
Page 129 and 130:
3.5. STEPPES The term steppe is oft
Page 131 and 132:
Irfluences. The imp~cts of humar ac
Page 133 and 134:
Ic the southeeat, heavier soils res
Page 135 and 136:
C. Influecces Nost of the inland ar
Page 137 and 138:
A t the base of Djebel Bou Hedma, t
Page 139 and 140:
A. Vegetation Vegetatioc associatio
Page 141 and 142:
.3.6. GRAND EASTERN ERG: SAHARA Alo
Page 143 and 144:
3.7. OASES There are abait 60,000,0
Page 145 and 146:
4. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DATA BY GOU
Page 147 and 148:
- Cecetic Resource Placts: Ceratoci
Page 149 and 150:
Medicical Placts: Asphodelis cerasi
Page 151 and 152:
Birds: Le Kef (~orticsed ) t White
Page 153 and 154:
D. SILIANA &jar Bmqstems: High Tell
Page 155 and 156:
Area: 350,000 ha E. BIZERTE Major E
Page 157 and 158:
Area: 290,000 ha F. NABEUL Major Ec
Page 159 and 160:
Gancet Grey heror. Little egret t W
Page 161 and 162:
Tucis (~ortinued) Xammals (foucd at
Page 163 and 164:
Area: 375,000 ha Ha jor Ecosystems:
Page 165 and 166:
Area: 665,000 ha I. KAIROUAN Major
Page 167 and 168:
Area: 800,000 ha J. KASSERINE Major
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 13 Birds of the '~asserice C
Page 171 and 172:
- Birds: See Figure 14 Sidi Bou Zid
Page 173 and 174:
Area: 280,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 175 and 176:
Area: 235,000 ha N. SOUSSE Major Ec
Page 177 and 178:
Area : 770,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 179 and 180:
Area: 695,000 ha P. GABES Major Eco
Page 181 and 182:
Little grebe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 183 and 184:
Area: 705,000 ha Najor Ecosystems:
Page 185 and 186:
Area: 2,035,000 ha R. KEBILI Major
Page 187 and 188:
Area: 845,000 ha S. MEDENINE Major
Page 189 and 190:
Area: 3,600,000 ha T. TATAOUIME Naj
Page 191 and 192:
Area: 610,000 ha U. TOZEUR Major Ec
Page 193 and 194:
Arid Regiocs Institute (Icstitute d
Page 195 and 196:
Law No. 58-105, 1958: Oc slopes > 2
Page 197:
One of the goals of the catiocal pa
Page 200 and 201:
5.4.9. Lake ~unfs Prbtected Vetland
Page 202 and 203:
6. SU!
Page 204 and 205:
4. Mouataies: A. Boi Korcire G.P.:
Page 206 and 207:
, PART I1
Page 208 and 209:
C. Querc~s cacariecsis (Zen oak) c.
Page 210 and 211:
3. STATUS OF TUNISIAN FORESTS Ocly
Page 212 and 213:
4. FOREST PROTECTION A cuxect polic
Page 214 and 215:
LITERATURE CITED Acdrec, L. acd 14.
Page 216 and 217:
Hollis, C. 1986. The modelling acd
Page 218 and 219:
Vnr. Dijk et. al. 1986. Wictering w
Page 220 and 221:
ANNEX 1 RARE, VERY RARE AND ENDEMIC
Page 222 and 223:
Annex 1 (~onttnued) Species Status
Page 224 and 225:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 226 and 227:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 228 and 229:
Ancex 1 (~octtcued) Species Status
Page 230 and 231:
Annex 1 (~onticued) Species Status
Page 232 and 233:
Acnex 2 (Cocticued) Comnor Kane: Sc
Page 234 and 235:
Conmoc Name: Red-breasted merganser
Page 236 and 237:
Connoc Came: Aiidoaic ' s gdl Slecd
Page 238 and 239:
Conmoc Nane: Moustached warbler Aqu
Page 240 and 241:
ANNEX 4 HEILICENHAFEM CRITERIA (~e~
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