biological diversity and tropical forests in tunisia - PART

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Maqcis. Fron Tabarka to Cap Serrat the coastal ridges are oftec covered wjth - Olea eurooaea - Pistacia lectisccs (referred to as Olealectiscs) domirated maqiiis with varying densities of holm oak Ouercus - ilex. Cork oek C. suher erows better ic dryer ard warmer cocditiocs, but it is oftec a compocect of the maquis, as is zec oak Q; canariecsis, which grows ic cool ravines dowc to the sea. Other comrnoc woody placts of the coastal maquis are: - Qiierca coccif era Lavacdula atoechas Cistus rno~speli ecsis Rosmaricus officjcalls Hyrtzs cornmixis Calycotome villosa Erica multiflora Rhamnus sp. Arbiit~is unedo Phillyrea acg~stif3lia media Jcckperus phoecicea J. oxycedr~s 3,cts. Vast expacses nf nov:c< s~rd dsces have formed al3cg the mrth coast. nure formatioc is a dyranSc prxess whereby larce areas are covered wjth sacd, ther revegetate acd are ofter. covered agalc over a period cf mar.!: years. A t the nbith of Oiled :?elah, more ther :039 ha were covered by dxes. The Fnrestry Djrectorate stabllized 960 ha, leavicg abo_t 80C ha. Vegetated dxies were placted to e-calyptcs, acacta, maritine pire Picus ina aster ar.d other tree species. The ~cdergrowth that icvaded caturally is very similar to the maqcis vegetatio~ drscribed above, bct rot qcite as decse. Also occcrrice are: Retena morosperne hanophila erecaria ScroF~laria sanbzci folta Crnciacslla maritlna Or ths stabilized dures of Sao:iaria, west. of O,chtata, the vegetatioc is characteri.zed by a conplete seauerce goicg from A .areearia to kermes oek Csercus coccifera, with some zcces donirated by Lotcs creticiis, Retana mocosDerna, J;ciper~s oxycedriis ard 4, ohoecjcea. The site has the largest stacds of kerces 3ak ir ~ ; r i s j i m ard Peterker :969). -- Watersheds. klocg the ravires acd streambeds there are associatiocs charact~rized by Jscc~s sp. ard oleacder 1Ierii;m oleacder. Where there js r~ccicg water, cattails Typha acgusti folia are often prese~t.. Rarshes. A t Cap Serrat there are freshwater coastal marshes surro~cded by a rnaquis of Lavandula stoechas, Arbiitus ucedo and kermes oak. The marsh vegetatj or iccludes: Cladim mariscus m . ~exriom scoplciedes Carex pseudocj.perix Campar:;la ala ta -- Themeda trincdra Alcus glut5 ~3sa Csmucda regalis and nary rare (~adfard ard Peterkec 1963) acd X3rth Afrj car ecdenjc species, s~ich as Th~nedo triacdrn ard Ct-cista -1c5 ca. ?arSce flcra. \'ecetat5or. or the carrow, \;r.ever. coctir.scta1 shelf js ir.fli;er.ced by At lactic szrfacr vaterr ir the \
combination of surface waters produce a very hjgh species diversity along the corth coast. Alocg the coast, and especially ic the Caljte chaccel, -- the flora 3ncll;de Arondo docax and Ricims commucis (IUCN 1987). Red algae species, such as Chocd-ius crispus are commoc, as well as a rumber of greec seaweeds (ex. Udotea petiolatas) and Leptometra pha1ace;im 5,s presect. Progressing seaward, there are Cridaris fuciculina prairies on the high bottoms, which are replaced by Isidella ie the middle depths where there are light-soiled bathysal b o w z o u z 1975b'. Mammals. Racy of the mammals of the upland forests also range into the coastal maquis and plains. Of special sjgnificacce is the presence of otter Lutra lutra sigc alocg macy of the rivers that drain into the sea. Common mammals include: wild boar -- Sus Scrofa, jackal Cacis aiireiis, red fox V~lpes vulpes, Egyptian mongoose Herpestes ichneumon ar.d brow. hare Lepus capecsis. A variety of rodents also live along the coast. - Birds. Althozgh the diversity of shorebirds acd waterfowl is not nearly as great as it is in the intertidal flats of the sosthern coast, the diversity of uplacd coastal habitats results in a fair species richness for the birds of the Coral Coast. A sample of the bird species ircliides those listed for the Calite archipelago (~ectjoc 3.2.: ), ard : Biizzard Sardiciac warbler Long-le~ged biizzard Dartford warbler 3arsh harrj er Nj ghtineale Barbary partridge Blackbird Palm dove Black-eared wheatear Eee-eater Spotted flycatcher Eulbiil Chaff inch Great tit Marine Fauna. F!i.ch biological djversity is characteristic of the corth coastal waters, especially aroucd the Galite archipelago. Red coral Corallim r~brun forms macy reefs and there are a varSety of molliiscs, fish acd ever s~jcy lobster Paljcurus elaphas. Fish species reported by Caolthier (1 978) iccliide: Pagellus pagellos Boops salpa Cornica cigra Serranus scriba Karaena helena Moroce labrax Labrus bj maculatiis Diplodus sargus Mullus surmuletiis C. Icfluences Crazing is fairly heavy along most of the coast. The effects of the grazing are a shift in species composjtion to less palatable species, decreased vegetatioc cover and increased erosion. Crazirg animals may also distirb birds dl;ricg the cesticg season and linjt the effective range of some species of mamnals.
Page 1 and 2: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL F
Page 3 and 4: Preface Exec2tjve Sxmmary BIOLOGICA
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures: LISTS OF FIGURES A
Page 7 and 8: EIOLOCICAL DIVERSITY AXD TROPICAL F
Page 9 and 10: Vast areas are domicated by steppe
Page 11 and 12: Effective pollctioc coctrol legisla
Page 13 and 14: 2. BACKGROUND INFOREATIOC ON TUNISI
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Climate and Bioclimate Dat
Page 17 and 18: Important factors influencing the r
Page 19 and 20: have been made of medicinal plants
Page 21 and 22: forage plants that have Graminees :
Page 23 and 24: 2.4 FAUNA Currently, about 75 speci
Page 25 and 26: All of the large mammals of Tunisia
Page 27 and 28: 3. PRIMARY ECOSYSTENS OF TUFISIA 3.
Page 29: Urban wastes (sewage) also alter co
Page 33 and 34: Raf Raf is highly cultivated, excep
Page 35 and 36: B. Fauna Rhodophyceae (red algae) L
Page 37 and 38: Mean annuah temperatures along this
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.4. Culf of Cabes: Rass Kaboudia
Page 41 and 42: B. Fauna -- Mamnals. Although there
Page 43 and 44: Little grsbe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5 Locations of Islands of Tu
Page 47 and 48: A. Vegetation Wuch of Galite is cov
Page 49 and 50: Duricg the cesticg season it is con
Page 51 and 52: species appearing at this stage inc
Page 53 and 54: factors increase predation on uplan
Page 55 and 56: B. Fauna Kuriate is one of the thre
Page 57 and 58: Fishermen construct long barricades
Page 59 and 60: A. Vegetation Most of Jerba has bee
Page 61 and 62: 3.3. WETLANDS In this docamect the
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.1 . Harkne Lakes and Lagoons 3.
Page 65 and 66: the number of species (zouali 1975)
Page 67 and 68: Honey buzzard Black kite Egyptian v
Page 69 and 70: B. Fauna Mammals. Red fox, jackal,
Page 71 and 72: center and the lake edge is highly
Page 73 and 74: 3.3.1.6. Thyna Salt Ponds Just sout
Page 75 and 76: 3.3.2. Sebkhets and Chotts Sebkhets
Page 77 and 78: A. Fauna Ic the south and west part
Page 79 and 80: - Birds. Two rare species of duck h
Page 81 and 82:
The high numbers .of pochard and co
Page 83 and 84:
A. Fauna Whet there is water, the e
Page 85 and 86:
winter there. Waterfowl observed in
Page 87 and 88:
wetlands have been selected as repr
Page 89 and 90:
A. Vegetation Alocg the pools, the
Page 91 and 92:
There are five maic mocctaic system
Page 93 and 94:
The ~roumirie/~ogods are composed o
Page 95 and 96:
Much of the Krournirie/~ogods has b
Page 97 and 98:
Undergrowth in the zen oak stands c
Page 99 and 100:
C. Irflcerces Decse forest cover no
Page 101 and 102:
B. Fauca To the west of Tabarka is
Page 103 and 104:
A. Vegetation The mountaic is domin
Page 105 and 106:
sparse, acd the rkemaq is mixed wit
Page 107 and 108:
3.4. Tucisiac Dorsal The Tanisian D
Page 109 and 110:
B. Fauca -- Mammals. Fama of Djebel
Page 111 and 112:
B. Fauca Mammals living or. Dj. Mrh
Page 113 and 114:
Astragalis fortanesii ssp. numidicd
Page 115 and 116:
A. Vegetatioc Dj. Hansour is fairly
Page 117 and 118:
B. Fauna Fauna of special interest
Page 119 and 120:
C. Icfluecces The mouctaic slopes a
Page 121 and 122:
3.4.3.13. Djebel Sidi Abder Rahmane
Page 123 and 124:
3.4.4. Mouctairs of the High Steppe
Page 125 and 126:
A. Vegetation A t the sammit of Bou
Page 127 and 128:
3.4.5. Douirat !4ouctaics Ic southe
Page 129 and 130:
3.5. STEPPES The term steppe is oft
Page 131 and 132:
Irfluences. The imp~cts of humar ac
Page 133 and 134:
Ic the southeeat, heavier soils res
Page 135 and 136:
C. Influecces Nost of the inland ar
Page 137 and 138:
A t the base of Djebel Bou Hedma, t
Page 139 and 140:
A. Vegetation Vegetatioc associatio
Page 141 and 142:
.3.6. GRAND EASTERN ERG: SAHARA Alo
Page 143 and 144:
3.7. OASES There are abait 60,000,0
Page 145 and 146:
4. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DATA BY GOU
Page 147 and 148:
- Cecetic Resource Placts: Ceratoci
Page 149 and 150:
Medicical Placts: Asphodelis cerasi
Page 151 and 152:
Birds: Le Kef (~orticsed ) t White
Page 153 and 154:
D. SILIANA &jar Bmqstems: High Tell
Page 155 and 156:
Area: 350,000 ha E. BIZERTE Major E
Page 157 and 158:
Area: 290,000 ha F. NABEUL Major Ec
Page 159 and 160:
Gancet Grey heror. Little egret t W
Page 161 and 162:
Tucis (~ortinued) Xammals (foucd at
Page 163 and 164:
Area: 375,000 ha Ha jor Ecosystems:
Page 165 and 166:
Area: 665,000 ha I. KAIROUAN Major
Page 167 and 168:
Area: 800,000 ha J. KASSERINE Major
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 13 Birds of the '~asserice C
Page 171 and 172:
- Birds: See Figure 14 Sidi Bou Zid
Page 173 and 174:
Area: 280,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 175 and 176:
Area: 235,000 ha N. SOUSSE Major Ec
Page 177 and 178:
Area : 770,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 179 and 180:
Area: 695,000 ha P. GABES Major Eco
Page 181 and 182:
Little grebe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 183 and 184:
Area: 705,000 ha Najor Ecosystems:
Page 185 and 186:
Area: 2,035,000 ha R. KEBILI Major
Page 187 and 188:
Area: 845,000 ha S. MEDENINE Major
Page 189 and 190:
Area: 3,600,000 ha T. TATAOUIME Naj
Page 191 and 192:
Area: 610,000 ha U. TOZEUR Major Ec
Page 193 and 194:
Arid Regiocs Institute (Icstitute d
Page 195 and 196:
Law No. 58-105, 1958: Oc slopes > 2
Page 197:
One of the goals of the catiocal pa
Page 200 and 201:
5.4.9. Lake ~unfs Prbtected Vetland
Page 202 and 203:
6. SU!
Page 204 and 205:
4. Mouataies: A. Boi Korcire G.P.:
Page 206 and 207:
, PART I1
Page 208 and 209:
C. Querc~s cacariecsis (Zen oak) c.
Page 210 and 211:
3. STATUS OF TUNISIAN FORESTS Ocly
Page 212 and 213:
4. FOREST PROTECTION A cuxect polic
Page 214 and 215:
LITERATURE CITED Acdrec, L. acd 14.
Page 216 and 217:
Hollis, C. 1986. The modelling acd
Page 218 and 219:
Vnr. Dijk et. al. 1986. Wictering w
Page 220 and 221:
ANNEX 1 RARE, VERY RARE AND ENDEMIC
Page 222 and 223:
Annex 1 (~onttnued) Species Status
Page 224 and 225:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 226 and 227:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 228 and 229:
Ancex 1 (~octtcued) Species Status
Page 230 and 231:
Annex 1 (~onticued) Species Status
Page 232 and 233:
Acnex 2 (Cocticued) Comnor Kane: Sc
Page 234 and 235:
Conmoc Name: Red-breasted merganser
Page 236 and 237:
Connoc Came: Aiidoaic ' s gdl Slecd
Page 238 and 239:
Conmoc Nane: Moustached warbler Aqu
Page 240 and 241:
ANNEX 4 HEILICENHAFEM CRITERIA (~e~
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