biological diversity and tropical forests in tunisia - PART

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Two other trees of the Kroumirie mowtaics that are ic ceed of protection are Juglacs regia and Prunus avhm (~ablj 1987). B~th species are scattered acd cot easily protected by the creation of special reserves. Therefore, restrtctiocs oc cutticg and clearicg must be strocgly ecforced. Hablj (1987) recommecded that protection be givec to the following: - - Calligocun azel: a Saharac 'tree' in need of protection from grazing acd charcoal makhg; - Cyclamen persicwn: 6 very rare plant ic need of protection from being transplanted into pots; - Euphorbia decdroides: in need of protectioc at Djebel Zaghouac; - Phyllitis decdroides and P. scolopecdrium: rare fercs in need of protectioc from being collected for pottiag. 2.3.3. Protectioc Ageccies Cocservatioc of plant resources is the respocsibility of the Forestry Directorate ard the Directorate of the Ecvirocmert. The Nature Protectior Associatioc acd the cetiocal Kac acd Biosphere (1.1~~) committee olso make reconn~rdztiorx for ceedfd actiocs. Research on placts of gecetic value is doce acd herba~ims have beec started by the agrocomy instit~tes (INAT, ITEX" aed the Gecetic Resoorces Cecter of the Institute of Scientific Research (IGRST). A seed baed at Ariaca (~ucis) with a field statioc at Ka;ro;er is czrrectly maictaiced for the prodoctioc acd storage of forest acd rzzge plect seeds. Xdditiocal protection could be givec to rare placts and placts of gecetlc value by iecreasjcg and improvicg the seed back acd creating a natiocal botacical gardec. Improvemect of the seed back is iccluded as part of the I.'atiocal Acti-desertificatioc Strategy (~ic. Agr. 1985). Botecical gardecs serve as a gece back, research site acd statioc for ictrodxicg placts to coltivation (~epood 1987). These roles are espec5elly valuable for crop relatives acd medicinal placts. The IUCN has a Boteric Carders Cocservatioc Secretariat based at its CMC at Kew, Erglard. The Secretariat would be helpful acd supportive of plans for a botaclcel gardec jr Tucisia.
2.4 FAUNA Currently, about 75 species of mammals (~nnex 21, 350 species of birds (~nnex 3) and more than 500 species of herpes and fish occur in Tunisia (~ir. For. 1976). Exact figures are difficult to determire, since new species continue to be discovered, others are extirpated or reintroduced, and taxonomic classifications change. A number of species have been lost from the mammalian fauna of Tunisia and several others are in danger. 2.4.1. Mammals Over 7,000 years ago, a change in the climate of Tunisia resulted in the loss of many species of animals, including rhinoceroes. Since that time almost all extirpations of mammal species have been due to hunting and habitat changes caused by man. Elephants Loxodocta africaca still existed during the Roman era and were recorded in the 1st century A.D. (IUCN 1987) at Bled Talah, near Bou Hedma. More recently, ic the 18001s, there were still a wide variety of ungulates and large cats. Barbary lions Pacthera leo leo lived in the Tunisian Dorsal mouctain racge in the 1850s '(Monchicourt 1906), but the last one was shot at Babouch in 1891 (~ir. For. 1931 ). Only 34 years later, the last barbary leopard Panthera ~ardus was killed (IUCN 1987) and by 1931 cheetahs Acinoryx jubatus were reduced to a few in the extreme south, which have since been eliminated. Duricg the French occupation of Tu~isia, ungulate populations were decimated by hunters. Although hartebeasts Alcelaphus buselaphus were still abundant in the south in 1870, no verified reports of their presence were recorded after 1931. Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah and addax - Addax nasomaculatus were uncommon, but still hunted in the Sahara in 1931. Soon after, both species were decreased to a few animals, thee extirpated. The barbary deer Cervus elaphus barbarus is the only native species of deer in africa. Large numbers of barbary deer were hunted and killed (many by American soldiers during WWII), but their secretive catare and mountain habitat protected small populations until the 1950s. After the deer became protected, they dispersed back into Tunisia from Algeria (where they were still hunted) in the 1960s. There are three barbary deer reserves in Tunisia - El Feidja, Ain Baccouch and Mhibes (see Section 5.4). The total deer population of Tunisia is now somewhere around 1,500. Tunisia's three species of gazelles were decimated by hurting, poaching and habitat degradation, but were never completely extirpated. Cuvier's gazelles Gazella cuvieri were reduced to a small number at the southwest end of the Tunisian Dorsal mountain range, but once they were protected, additional animals immigrated from Algeria and reinhabited some of their former range. There is a reserve at Kechem el Kelb for Cuvier's gazelles and many others find refuge ic Chambi N.P. (section 3.4.3.1 1. Dorcas gazelles ~azella dorcas once inhabited the plains of Kairouac, but they are cow restricted to the southern plains, where hucticg pressure is compoucded by habitat loss to desertification. Slender-horced gazelles Gazella leptoceros are abli to survive the harsh climatic cocditions of
Page 1 and 2: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL F
Page 3 and 4: Preface Exec2tjve Sxmmary BIOLOGICA
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures: LISTS OF FIGURES A
Page 7 and 8: EIOLOCICAL DIVERSITY AXD TROPICAL F
Page 9 and 10: Vast areas are domicated by steppe
Page 11 and 12: Effective pollctioc coctrol legisla
Page 13 and 14: 2. BACKGROUND INFOREATIOC ON TUNISI
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Climate and Bioclimate Dat
Page 17 and 18: Important factors influencing the r
Page 19 and 20: have been made of medicinal plants
Page 21: forage plants that have Graminees :
Page 25 and 26: All of the large mammals of Tunisia
Page 27 and 28: 3. PRIMARY ECOSYSTENS OF TUFISIA 3.
Page 29 and 30: Urban wastes (sewage) also alter co
Page 31 and 32: combination of surface waters produ
Page 33 and 34: Raf Raf is highly cultivated, excep
Page 35 and 36: B. Fauna Rhodophyceae (red algae) L
Page 37 and 38: Mean annuah temperatures along this
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.4. Culf of Cabes: Rass Kaboudia
Page 41 and 42: B. Fauna -- Mamnals. Although there
Page 43 and 44: Little grsbe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5 Locations of Islands of Tu
Page 47 and 48: A. Vegetation Wuch of Galite is cov
Page 49 and 50: Duricg the cesticg season it is con
Page 51 and 52: species appearing at this stage inc
Page 53 and 54: factors increase predation on uplan
Page 55 and 56: B. Fauna Kuriate is one of the thre
Page 57 and 58: Fishermen construct long barricades
Page 59 and 60: A. Vegetation Most of Jerba has bee
Page 61 and 62: 3.3. WETLANDS In this docamect the
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.1 . Harkne Lakes and Lagoons 3.
Page 65 and 66: the number of species (zouali 1975)
Page 67 and 68: Honey buzzard Black kite Egyptian v
Page 69 and 70: B. Fauna Mammals. Red fox, jackal,
Page 71 and 72: center and the lake edge is highly
Page 73 and 74:
3.3.1.6. Thyna Salt Ponds Just sout
Page 75 and 76:
3.3.2. Sebkhets and Chotts Sebkhets
Page 77 and 78:
A. Fauna Ic the south and west part
Page 79 and 80:
- Birds. Two rare species of duck h
Page 81 and 82:
The high numbers .of pochard and co
Page 83 and 84:
A. Fauna Whet there is water, the e
Page 85 and 86:
winter there. Waterfowl observed in
Page 87 and 88:
wetlands have been selected as repr
Page 89 and 90:
A. Vegetation Alocg the pools, the
Page 91 and 92:
There are five maic mocctaic system
Page 93 and 94:
The ~roumirie/~ogods are composed o
Page 95 and 96:
Much of the Krournirie/~ogods has b
Page 97 and 98:
Undergrowth in the zen oak stands c
Page 99 and 100:
C. Irflcerces Decse forest cover no
Page 101 and 102:
B. Fauca To the west of Tabarka is
Page 103 and 104:
A. Vegetation The mountaic is domin
Page 105 and 106:
sparse, acd the rkemaq is mixed wit
Page 107 and 108:
3.4. Tucisiac Dorsal The Tanisian D
Page 109 and 110:
B. Fauca -- Mammals. Fama of Djebel
Page 111 and 112:
B. Fauca Mammals living or. Dj. Mrh
Page 113 and 114:
Astragalis fortanesii ssp. numidicd
Page 115 and 116:
A. Vegetatioc Dj. Hansour is fairly
Page 117 and 118:
B. Fauna Fauna of special interest
Page 119 and 120:
C. Icfluecces The mouctaic slopes a
Page 121 and 122:
3.4.3.13. Djebel Sidi Abder Rahmane
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3.4.4. Mouctairs of the High Steppe
Page 125 and 126:
A. Vegetation A t the sammit of Bou
Page 127 and 128:
3.4.5. Douirat !4ouctaics Ic southe
Page 129 and 130:
3.5. STEPPES The term steppe is oft
Page 131 and 132:
Irfluences. The imp~cts of humar ac
Page 133 and 134:
Ic the southeeat, heavier soils res
Page 135 and 136:
C. Influecces Nost of the inland ar
Page 137 and 138:
A t the base of Djebel Bou Hedma, t
Page 139 and 140:
A. Vegetation Vegetatioc associatio
Page 141 and 142:
.3.6. GRAND EASTERN ERG: SAHARA Alo
Page 143 and 144:
3.7. OASES There are abait 60,000,0
Page 145 and 146:
4. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DATA BY GOU
Page 147 and 148:
- Cecetic Resource Placts: Ceratoci
Page 149 and 150:
Medicical Placts: Asphodelis cerasi
Page 151 and 152:
Birds: Le Kef (~orticsed ) t White
Page 153 and 154:
D. SILIANA &jar Bmqstems: High Tell
Page 155 and 156:
Area: 350,000 ha E. BIZERTE Major E
Page 157 and 158:
Area: 290,000 ha F. NABEUL Major Ec
Page 159 and 160:
Gancet Grey heror. Little egret t W
Page 161 and 162:
Tucis (~ortinued) Xammals (foucd at
Page 163 and 164:
Area: 375,000 ha Ha jor Ecosystems:
Page 165 and 166:
Area: 665,000 ha I. KAIROUAN Major
Page 167 and 168:
Area: 800,000 ha J. KASSERINE Major
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 13 Birds of the '~asserice C
Page 171 and 172:
- Birds: See Figure 14 Sidi Bou Zid
Page 173 and 174:
Area: 280,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 175 and 176:
Area: 235,000 ha N. SOUSSE Major Ec
Page 177 and 178:
Area : 770,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 179 and 180:
Area: 695,000 ha P. GABES Major Eco
Page 181 and 182:
Little grebe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 183 and 184:
Area: 705,000 ha Najor Ecosystems:
Page 185 and 186:
Area: 2,035,000 ha R. KEBILI Major
Page 187 and 188:
Area: 845,000 ha S. MEDENINE Major
Page 189 and 190:
Area: 3,600,000 ha T. TATAOUIME Naj
Page 191 and 192:
Area: 610,000 ha U. TOZEUR Major Ec
Page 193 and 194:
Arid Regiocs Institute (Icstitute d
Page 195 and 196:
Law No. 58-105, 1958: Oc slopes > 2
Page 197:
One of the goals of the catiocal pa
Page 200 and 201:
5.4.9. Lake ~unfs Prbtected Vetland
Page 202 and 203:
6. SU!
Page 204 and 205:
4. Mouataies: A. Boi Korcire G.P.:
Page 206 and 207:
, PART I1
Page 208 and 209:
C. Querc~s cacariecsis (Zen oak) c.
Page 210 and 211:
3. STATUS OF TUNISIAN FORESTS Ocly
Page 212 and 213:
4. FOREST PROTECTION A cuxect polic
Page 214 and 215:
LITERATURE CITED Acdrec, L. acd 14.
Page 216 and 217:
Hollis, C. 1986. The modelling acd
Page 218 and 219:
Vnr. Dijk et. al. 1986. Wictering w
Page 220 and 221:
ANNEX 1 RARE, VERY RARE AND ENDEMIC
Page 222 and 223:
Annex 1 (~onttnued) Species Status
Page 224 and 225:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 226 and 227:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 228 and 229:
Ancex 1 (~octtcued) Species Status
Page 230 and 231:
Annex 1 (~onticued) Species Status
Page 232 and 233:
Acnex 2 (Cocticued) Comnor Kane: Sc
Page 234 and 235:
Conmoc Name: Red-breasted merganser
Page 236 and 237:
Connoc Came: Aiidoaic ' s gdl Slecd
Page 238 and 239:
Conmoc Nane: Moustached warbler Aqu
Page 240 and 241:
ANNEX 4 HEILICENHAFEM CRITERIA (~e~
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