biological diversity and tropical forests in tunisia - PART

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many caves and coves. Zembretta is also prismatic in shape and difficult to access. The 1.2 krn of shoreline rises to cliffs on the northwest aide ,and there is a lkghthouse at the highest point of the island (53 m). There are 4 seasonal rivers on Zembra - Oued of the Harbor, Oued Zitom, Oued Callefroda and Oued el Kebkr - that drain watersheds of 25 to 100 ha. The only permanent spring is Ain Kabbar. Thin, soils originate from substrates that are a continuation of strata found on Cap Bon: alternating layers of sandy limestone and clays from the oligocene and mPocene eras (IUCN 1987). There are also eocene deposits rich in marine fossils. Violent winter winds affect the island vegetatfon by blowing salty spray onto the land. Water salfnity at tbe surface is 37 ppt. In June the surface water temperature averages 15 C (IUCN 1987). The islands have a Sub-humid bioclimate with a warm winter variant in the lowlands and a mild wi~ter variant in the hfghlands. A. Vegatation Species diversity is poorer on Zembra than it is at mainland sEtes with similar climate and soil conditkons (~nane 1977); probably due to the ins~larity factor. In 1953 there were 230 plant species recorded on Zembra. Many of the species found in the alluvial plain at the south end of the island have disappeared since that time. Oce of the species that disappeared from Zembra at some time is holm oak Quercus =. The absence of holm oak is of sEgnificant interest six+ it should be the climax forest specses of the island (Snane 1977). Although there are no oaks on Zembra, associated plants charactersstic of the Q. ilex climax stage are well represented as well as the pi~neer sera1 stages. Bare land is colonized by a Helianthemwn sward; accompanied by: Mentha pulegium Trifolium arvense T. tomentosum Vicia tetrasperma Filago gallica Plantago coronopus Radiola linoides Hslianthemum swards succeed to Cfstaceae scrub (~istus monspeliensis and - C. salviifolius), which occupy about 50 ha, then low Erica multiflora with: Pistacia lentiscus Clematks cirrhosa Periploca laevf gata Parie taria lusitanf ca Phillyrea angustifolia ssp media Arkstolochia longa Myrtus communis Sonchus oleraceus Daphne gnkdium Bryonia dkoica Lonicera implexa Arisarum vulgare which has bee^ replaced on 50 ha by the high Erica arborea and Arbutus unido shrab complex - the stage preceding a Q. ilex clkmax. Additio~al
species appearing at this stage include: Echium plantagsneum Campanula dichotoma Paronychka echknata Calycotome villosa Sklene gallica Rubsa peregrkna Cichoiam intybus Polypodkum vulgare Allium roseum Trklax apula A. pallens Ammi: majus Frequent disruptions to the ecosystems set back the successfonal stages and insularity and other influences prevent establishment of the Quercus ilex climax forest. More xerothermkc locatfons are occupked by - Olea europaea - Pistacia lentiscus (or 0lea-lentiscus) formations. europaea has survived only 3x1 the most xerothermsc sites (c.30 ha), so most stacds are dominated only by Pistacia lentkscus (more than 140 ha). Olea-lentiscus formations occupy a belt 50 - 350 m wide between the lowest lkmit of the Quercus ilex type formatkons and the halophile zone along the sea. Spacias associated with the formation include: Galactilis tomentosa Euphorbia peplis Hyosaris radiata Jun2perus Phoenicia T Brassica cratica atlantica Ruta chalepensis Avia tenorii Rapistrum rugosum Carex divisa Brisa maxfma Capparis spinosa Dactlyh glomerata Prasium majus Medscago hispida Alocg tha shora of Zembra and over most of Zembretta is a littoral zoce subjected to sea water spray, which favors halophile vegetation. This zone is 50 - 100 m wide on Zembra and extends up to 50 m kn altitude, covering a total of 80 ha. The halophile vegetation is typkfied by: acd accompaciad by Crithmum maritimum Inula crithmoidas Se~ecio crassifolius r Senecio cineraria typicus Urginea maritima r Erodium maritkmwn Cakile aegyptia T Polygonum maritimum rT Polypogon maritimus Iberis semperf lorus The remainder of Zembretta, around the Pistacia lectiscus Olea europaea r = Rare T = Tunisia E~demic Statice vsrgata S. echioides Lotus allkonii Fumaria capreclata Mesembryanthemem crkstallinum Atriplex patula Scabs osa farinosa Dkanthus rupicole hermaensfs Brassica cretkca atlantica Erodfum chium lighthouse is occupied by Phkllyrea angustffolfa Chamaerops humilis
Page 1 and 2: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL F
Page 3 and 4: Preface Exec2tjve Sxmmary BIOLOGICA
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures: LISTS OF FIGURES A
Page 7 and 8: EIOLOCICAL DIVERSITY AXD TROPICAL F
Page 9 and 10: Vast areas are domicated by steppe
Page 11 and 12: Effective pollctioc coctrol legisla
Page 13 and 14: 2. BACKGROUND INFOREATIOC ON TUNISI
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Climate and Bioclimate Dat
Page 17 and 18: Important factors influencing the r
Page 19 and 20: have been made of medicinal plants
Page 21 and 22: forage plants that have Graminees :
Page 23 and 24: 2.4 FAUNA Currently, about 75 speci
Page 25 and 26: All of the large mammals of Tunisia
Page 27 and 28: 3. PRIMARY ECOSYSTENS OF TUFISIA 3.
Page 29 and 30: Urban wastes (sewage) also alter co
Page 31 and 32: combination of surface waters produ
Page 33 and 34: Raf Raf is highly cultivated, excep
Page 35 and 36: B. Fauna Rhodophyceae (red algae) L
Page 37 and 38: Mean annuah temperatures along this
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.4. Culf of Cabes: Rass Kaboudia
Page 41 and 42: B. Fauna -- Mamnals. Although there
Page 43 and 44: Little grsbe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5 Locations of Islands of Tu
Page 47 and 48: A. Vegetation Wuch of Galite is cov
Page 49: Duricg the cesticg season it is con
Page 53 and 54: factors increase predation on uplan
Page 55 and 56: B. Fauna Kuriate is one of the thre
Page 57 and 58: Fishermen construct long barricades
Page 59 and 60: A. Vegetation Most of Jerba has bee
Page 61 and 62: 3.3. WETLANDS In this docamect the
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.1 . Harkne Lakes and Lagoons 3.
Page 65 and 66: the number of species (zouali 1975)
Page 67 and 68: Honey buzzard Black kite Egyptian v
Page 69 and 70: B. Fauna Mammals. Red fox, jackal,
Page 71 and 72: center and the lake edge is highly
Page 73 and 74: 3.3.1.6. Thyna Salt Ponds Just sout
Page 75 and 76: 3.3.2. Sebkhets and Chotts Sebkhets
Page 77 and 78: A. Fauna Ic the south and west part
Page 79 and 80: - Birds. Two rare species of duck h
Page 81 and 82: The high numbers .of pochard and co
Page 83 and 84: A. Fauna Whet there is water, the e
Page 85 and 86: winter there. Waterfowl observed in
Page 87 and 88: wetlands have been selected as repr
Page 89 and 90: A. Vegetation Alocg the pools, the
Page 91 and 92: There are five maic mocctaic system
Page 93 and 94: The ~roumirie/~ogods are composed o
Page 95 and 96: Much of the Krournirie/~ogods has b
Page 97 and 98: Undergrowth in the zen oak stands c
Page 99 and 100: C. Irflcerces Decse forest cover no
Page 101 and 102:
B. Fauca To the west of Tabarka is
Page 103 and 104:
A. Vegetation The mountaic is domin
Page 105 and 106:
sparse, acd the rkemaq is mixed wit
Page 107 and 108:
3.4. Tucisiac Dorsal The Tanisian D
Page 109 and 110:
B. Fauca -- Mammals. Fama of Djebel
Page 111 and 112:
B. Fauca Mammals living or. Dj. Mrh
Page 113 and 114:
Astragalis fortanesii ssp. numidicd
Page 115 and 116:
A. Vegetatioc Dj. Hansour is fairly
Page 117 and 118:
B. Fauna Fauna of special interest
Page 119 and 120:
C. Icfluecces The mouctaic slopes a
Page 121 and 122:
3.4.3.13. Djebel Sidi Abder Rahmane
Page 123 and 124:
3.4.4. Mouctairs of the High Steppe
Page 125 and 126:
A. Vegetation A t the sammit of Bou
Page 127 and 128:
3.4.5. Douirat !4ouctaics Ic southe
Page 129 and 130:
3.5. STEPPES The term steppe is oft
Page 131 and 132:
Irfluences. The imp~cts of humar ac
Page 133 and 134:
Ic the southeeat, heavier soils res
Page 135 and 136:
C. Influecces Nost of the inland ar
Page 137 and 138:
A t the base of Djebel Bou Hedma, t
Page 139 and 140:
A. Vegetation Vegetatioc associatio
Page 141 and 142:
.3.6. GRAND EASTERN ERG: SAHARA Alo
Page 143 and 144:
3.7. OASES There are abait 60,000,0
Page 145 and 146:
4. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DATA BY GOU
Page 147 and 148:
- Cecetic Resource Placts: Ceratoci
Page 149 and 150:
Medicical Placts: Asphodelis cerasi
Page 151 and 152:
Birds: Le Kef (~orticsed ) t White
Page 153 and 154:
D. SILIANA &jar Bmqstems: High Tell
Page 155 and 156:
Area: 350,000 ha E. BIZERTE Major E
Page 157 and 158:
Area: 290,000 ha F. NABEUL Major Ec
Page 159 and 160:
Gancet Grey heror. Little egret t W
Page 161 and 162:
Tucis (~ortinued) Xammals (foucd at
Page 163 and 164:
Area: 375,000 ha Ha jor Ecosystems:
Page 165 and 166:
Area: 665,000 ha I. KAIROUAN Major
Page 167 and 168:
Area: 800,000 ha J. KASSERINE Major
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 13 Birds of the '~asserice C
Page 171 and 172:
- Birds: See Figure 14 Sidi Bou Zid
Page 173 and 174:
Area: 280,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 175 and 176:
Area: 235,000 ha N. SOUSSE Major Ec
Page 177 and 178:
Area : 770,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 179 and 180:
Area: 695,000 ha P. GABES Major Eco
Page 181 and 182:
Little grebe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 183 and 184:
Area: 705,000 ha Najor Ecosystems:
Page 185 and 186:
Area: 2,035,000 ha R. KEBILI Major
Page 187 and 188:
Area: 845,000 ha S. MEDENINE Major
Page 189 and 190:
Area: 3,600,000 ha T. TATAOUIME Naj
Page 191 and 192:
Area: 610,000 ha U. TOZEUR Major Ec
Page 193 and 194:
Arid Regiocs Institute (Icstitute d
Page 195 and 196:
Law No. 58-105, 1958: Oc slopes > 2
Page 197:
One of the goals of the catiocal pa
Page 200 and 201:
5.4.9. Lake ~unfs Prbtected Vetland
Page 202 and 203:
6. SU!
Page 204 and 205:
4. Mouataies: A. Boi Korcire G.P.:
Page 206 and 207:
, PART I1
Page 208 and 209:
C. Querc~s cacariecsis (Zen oak) c.
Page 210 and 211:
3. STATUS OF TUNISIAN FORESTS Ocly
Page 212 and 213:
4. FOREST PROTECTION A cuxect polic
Page 214 and 215:
LITERATURE CITED Acdrec, L. acd 14.
Page 216 and 217:
Hollis, C. 1986. The modelling acd
Page 218 and 219:
Vnr. Dijk et. al. 1986. Wictering w
Page 220 and 221:
ANNEX 1 RARE, VERY RARE AND ENDEMIC
Page 222 and 223:
Annex 1 (~onttnued) Species Status
Page 224 and 225:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 226 and 227:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 228 and 229:
Ancex 1 (~octtcued) Species Status
Page 230 and 231:
Annex 1 (~onticued) Species Status
Page 232 and 233:
Acnex 2 (Cocticued) Comnor Kane: Sc
Page 234 and 235:
Conmoc Name: Red-breasted merganser
Page 236 and 237:
Connoc Came: Aiidoaic ' s gdl Slecd
Page 238 and 239:
Conmoc Nane: Moustached warbler Aqu
Page 240 and 241:
ANNEX 4 HEILICENHAFEM CRITERIA (~e~
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