biological diversity and tropical forests in tunisia - PART

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overhunted end almost eliminated. Other reported species include: Fennec fox Le rot Shaw' s jird Gerbil Fennecus zerda - Birds. A large proportion of the waders and waterfowl listed for the Gulf of Gabes (Section 3.1.4) can be seen at the intertidal flats of Jerba. Turtle doves and cranes are also reported to use the island. Some of the upland birds observed in November 1987 include: C. Influences Marsh harrier Rock dove Hoopoe Great grey shrike Sardinian warbler Stonechat Raven Almost all of the upland area of Jerba is cultivated or developed, leaving little land for natural vegetatkon associations or animal habitat. Intense cultivation has also resulted in wfnd erosion and soma dune formation. Hotel construction destroyed fragile vegetatioc cover and resulted in wind erosioc in several locatiocs (van Berghic 1977).
3.3. WETLANDS In this docamect the term 'wetland' refers to permanent and temporary fresh or brackish water bodies and their adjacent floodplain or zone of influence. This includes all inland rivers and water bodies, coastal salt lakes and marine lakes, (figure 6) but excludes the Mediterranean coast, which is described in Section 3.1. Tunisia has more than 100 permanent and temporary wetlands, many of which are of international importance. Host of the wetlands are in the northern half of the country, especially near the coast, and there is a fair interspersion almost everywhere but in the Sahara. Wstlands permit a variety of plant species to grow in ecosystems that are otherwise often somewhat homoganous - especially in the steppes. Numerous invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals take advantage of the cover and nutritiocal productivity of wetlands. Each year mora than 75,000 flamingos, 400,000 anatids of many species, and 250,000 coots and moorhens use ~unisia's wetlands for nesting, migration rest stops or wictering locations (Dir. Env. 1977). Macy spscies of rare and endemic plants and animals are also found at wetlands. Unfortunately, many of Tunisia's wetlands are being detrimentally influencad by industrial complexes, urbac expansion, agricultural developmsnt projects (dams, drainage), pesticide use, hunting pressure, pollution and dessication (Dir . Env. 1977). The Tunisian government has taken steps to protect some of the principal sites by creating permanent ressrves and national parks (~ectioc 5.4). Howaver, the mers designation of protected areas is often insufficiant in the face of heavy population and economic pressures, as evidenced by the filling of Lake Tunis (see 3.3.1.3). The factors that wetlands are most secsitiva to inclade: Activities affecting water levels Upstream dams Draining of marshland for cultivation Changes in water quality Abnormal inputs of seawater or saline runoff Chemical pollutants - herbicides, sewage, chemical waste Actions reducing wetland areas Cultivation of edge zones Adjacent urban development Filling and construction
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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL F
Page 3 and 4:
Preface Exec2tjve Sxmmary BIOLOGICA
Page 5 and 6:
List of Figures: LISTS OF FIGURES A
Page 7 and 8:
EIOLOCICAL DIVERSITY AXD TROPICAL F
Page 9 and 10: Vast areas are domicated by steppe
Page 11 and 12: Effective pollctioc coctrol legisla
Page 13 and 14: 2. BACKGROUND INFOREATIOC ON TUNISI
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Climate and Bioclimate Dat
Page 17 and 18: Important factors influencing the r
Page 19 and 20: have been made of medicinal plants
Page 21 and 22: forage plants that have Graminees :
Page 23 and 24: 2.4 FAUNA Currently, about 75 speci
Page 25 and 26: All of the large mammals of Tunisia
Page 27 and 28: 3. PRIMARY ECOSYSTENS OF TUFISIA 3.
Page 29 and 30: Urban wastes (sewage) also alter co
Page 31 and 32: combination of surface waters produ
Page 33 and 34: Raf Raf is highly cultivated, excep
Page 35 and 36: B. Fauna Rhodophyceae (red algae) L
Page 37 and 38: Mean annuah temperatures along this
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.4. Culf of Cabes: Rass Kaboudia
Page 41 and 42: B. Fauna -- Mamnals. Although there
Page 43 and 44: Little grsbe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5 Locations of Islands of Tu
Page 47 and 48: A. Vegetation Wuch of Galite is cov
Page 49 and 50: Duricg the cesticg season it is con
Page 51 and 52: species appearing at this stage inc
Page 53 and 54: factors increase predation on uplan
Page 55 and 56: B. Fauna Kuriate is one of the thre
Page 57 and 58: Fishermen construct long barricades
Page 59: A. Vegetation Most of Jerba has bee
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.1 . Harkne Lakes and Lagoons 3.
Page 65 and 66: the number of species (zouali 1975)
Page 67 and 68: Honey buzzard Black kite Egyptian v
Page 69 and 70: B. Fauna Mammals. Red fox, jackal,
Page 71 and 72: center and the lake edge is highly
Page 73 and 74: 3.3.1.6. Thyna Salt Ponds Just sout
Page 75 and 76: 3.3.2. Sebkhets and Chotts Sebkhets
Page 77 and 78: A. Fauna Ic the south and west part
Page 79 and 80: - Birds. Two rare species of duck h
Page 81 and 82: The high numbers .of pochard and co
Page 83 and 84: A. Fauna Whet there is water, the e
Page 85 and 86: winter there. Waterfowl observed in
Page 87 and 88: wetlands have been selected as repr
Page 89 and 90: A. Vegetation Alocg the pools, the
Page 91 and 92: There are five maic mocctaic system
Page 93 and 94: The ~roumirie/~ogods are composed o
Page 95 and 96: Much of the Krournirie/~ogods has b
Page 97 and 98: Undergrowth in the zen oak stands c
Page 99 and 100: C. Irflcerces Decse forest cover no
Page 101 and 102: B. Fauca To the west of Tabarka is
Page 103 and 104: A. Vegetation The mountaic is domin
Page 105 and 106: sparse, acd the rkemaq is mixed wit
Page 107 and 108: 3.4. Tucisiac Dorsal The Tanisian D
Page 109 and 110: B. Fauca -- Mammals. Fama of Djebel
Page 111 and 112:
B. Fauca Mammals living or. Dj. Mrh
Page 113 and 114:
Astragalis fortanesii ssp. numidicd
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A. Vegetatioc Dj. Hansour is fairly
Page 117 and 118:
B. Fauna Fauna of special interest
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C. Icfluecces The mouctaic slopes a
Page 121 and 122:
3.4.3.13. Djebel Sidi Abder Rahmane
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3.4.4. Mouctairs of the High Steppe
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A. Vegetation A t the sammit of Bou
Page 127 and 128:
3.4.5. Douirat !4ouctaics Ic southe
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3.5. STEPPES The term steppe is oft
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Irfluences. The imp~cts of humar ac
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Ic the southeeat, heavier soils res
Page 135 and 136:
C. Influecces Nost of the inland ar
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A t the base of Djebel Bou Hedma, t
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A. Vegetation Vegetatioc associatio
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.3.6. GRAND EASTERN ERG: SAHARA Alo
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3.7. OASES There are abait 60,000,0
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4. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DATA BY GOU
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- Cecetic Resource Placts: Ceratoci
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Medicical Placts: Asphodelis cerasi
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Birds: Le Kef (~orticsed ) t White
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D. SILIANA &jar Bmqstems: High Tell
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Area: 350,000 ha E. BIZERTE Major E
Page 157 and 158:
Area: 290,000 ha F. NABEUL Major Ec
Page 159 and 160:
Gancet Grey heror. Little egret t W
Page 161 and 162:
Tucis (~ortinued) Xammals (foucd at
Page 163 and 164:
Area: 375,000 ha Ha jor Ecosystems:
Page 165 and 166:
Area: 665,000 ha I. KAIROUAN Major
Page 167 and 168:
Area: 800,000 ha J. KASSERINE Major
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Figure 13 Birds of the '~asserice C
Page 171 and 172:
- Birds: See Figure 14 Sidi Bou Zid
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Area: 280,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 175 and 176:
Area: 235,000 ha N. SOUSSE Major Ec
Page 177 and 178:
Area : 770,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 179 and 180:
Area: 695,000 ha P. GABES Major Eco
Page 181 and 182:
Little grebe Great crested grebe Bl
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Area: 705,000 ha Najor Ecosystems:
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Area: 2,035,000 ha R. KEBILI Major
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Area: 845,000 ha S. MEDENINE Major
Page 189 and 190:
Area: 3,600,000 ha T. TATAOUIME Naj
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Area: 610,000 ha U. TOZEUR Major Ec
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Arid Regiocs Institute (Icstitute d
Page 195 and 196:
Law No. 58-105, 1958: Oc slopes > 2
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One of the goals of the catiocal pa
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5.4.9. Lake ~unfs Prbtected Vetland
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6. SU!
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4. Mouataies: A. Boi Korcire G.P.:
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, PART I1
Page 208 and 209:
C. Querc~s cacariecsis (Zen oak) c.
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3. STATUS OF TUNISIAN FORESTS Ocly
Page 212 and 213:
4. FOREST PROTECTION A cuxect polic
Page 214 and 215:
LITERATURE CITED Acdrec, L. acd 14.
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Hollis, C. 1986. The modelling acd
Page 218 and 219:
Vnr. Dijk et. al. 1986. Wictering w
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ANNEX 1 RARE, VERY RARE AND ENDEMIC
Page 222 and 223:
Annex 1 (~onttnued) Species Status
Page 224 and 225:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 226 and 227:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 228 and 229:
Ancex 1 (~octtcued) Species Status
Page 230 and 231:
Annex 1 (~onticued) Species Status
Page 232 and 233:
Acnex 2 (Cocticued) Comnor Kane: Sc
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Conmoc Name: Red-breasted merganser
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Connoc Came: Aiidoaic ' s gdl Slecd
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Conmoc Nane: Moustached warbler Aqu
Page 240 and 241:
ANNEX 4 HEILICENHAFEM CRITERIA (~e~
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