biological diversity and tropical forests in tunisia - PART

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soils (ONUPAA 1985). Accual raicfall varies from 100 - 200 mm near Cafsa to 200 - 300 mm alocg the Tocisiac Dorsal acd northeast of Cafsa. Mountain summits ic the same region receive 300 - 400 mm agcual rainfall. Average teperatures vary from 16 C ic the corthwest to 19 C cear Cafsa. As a result of the relatively lou precipitatioc acd the temperatzre the bioclimate is Arid Superior with a cool winter variact ic the west part acd a temperate wicter variant ic the east part of the High Steppe. A. Vegetation Vegetatioc of the High Steppes was occe domicated by Juciperus phoenicea. Now juciper is ocly found or the plateaus acd mouctains, acd the plaics are covered by associations of esparto grass. 'Or the heavier soils ic the westerc part of the High Steppes the vegetation is dornicated by esparto and Artemisia herba alba ic associatioc with (ORSTON 1962, Le Hoaeroz 1969) : Haloxylon tamariscifolisn Salvi a aegyptj aca Acabasis articzlata Plactagc ovata Carrichtera aecza Cecta~rea acailis Chrysacthemen fL;scatm Arthrophytun scopar-im Feliacthemx hirtcn rof lcomum Oc lighter soils ic the uesterc High Steppe a secocdary steppe of esparto acd Artenisia campestris, joiced by rosemary or higher ground, domicates. These soils are oftec placted to olives. Associated placts icclude: Plactago albicacs Karicaria prestrata Heliarthemam rcf iconum Herriaria frutj cosa H. lippii sessiliflorum Cutacdia divaricata Licaria aegyptiaca Anacyclzs cyrtolipidioides Cecista uciflora hstragalus crsciatus Laucea residifolia Ir. the southwest corner of the High Steppe there is a lar~e area covered by ax associatior of esparto grass acd: Heliacthernum lippii Aristida plumose Plantago albicacs Atractylis serratcloides To the east, ic the tracsitioc zone betueec the High Steppe and the Low Steppe are associatiocs dominated by scattered jsjube Zizyphus lotus acd abucdact Artemisia campestris, with combinations of: Eragrostis papposa Stipa parviflora (oc sacd) S. retorta S. lagascae pabescecs " Plactago albicacs P. ovata Cecista uci flora Linaria aegyptiaca Ifloga spicata Fagocia kahirica Astragalus crsciatas Ocopordoc arecari~m Scablosa arecaria Arjstida obt~sa Atractylis cacd5da P. flava citrica
Ic the southeeat, heavier soils result in Artemisia herba alba beicg associated with jujube and combinations of esparto grass, Asparagas albas and Globalaria alyp'im. Along the edge of the High Steppe, sosth of the above associations and extecdin~ icto the Low Steppe is ac association of Rhactherim Suaveolens with ~iaithus cricitus and-krtemisia canpestris. B. Fauna Macy of the animals found ic the mouctaics descecd icto the plairs to feed, drick, or as part of a migration pattern. Of special icterest ic the High Steppe are threatened houbara bustards, which cest ic the easterc part of the regioc, and rare hyecas, which descend fron the mozctaics to prey oc wild boar. Common fauna are listed ic Section 4 (Gouvercorats of Sidi Boz Zid, Kasserice, Gafsa). C. Icflaecces A large paper m i l l is located ic Kasserice. Esparto grass fibers are processed at the m i l l to produce a high quality paper. Of approximately 433,000 ha of decse esparto steppes ic Tucisia, most are ir. the High Steppe acd more thac half are exploited for the mi 11 (~ir. For. 1986). This exploitatior, alocg with overgrazicg acd clearicg for agric;lt"re is having serious impacts oc the cataral vegetatioc of the regioc. Of the 124,000 ha of esparto steppe in the Sidi BO.G Zid Gozvercorat, ocly ore third is cocsidered decse or moderately dense, acother third is sparse acd the fical third is degraded (erosioc, fires, cultivatioc). The Forestry Directorate has implemected regulatiocs to protect the steppes fr3s overharvesticg, but overgrazicg and cultivatioc are problems nwh nore difficult to coctrol. The paper plact also uses large qzactities of water from the Osed Derb acd releases vario2s chemical compovcds ic its discharge. 3.5.2. Low Steppe East of the High Steppe, north of Sebkhet Mecheqzig~e acd sovth of Ecfida, a vast flat to gectly ucdulaticg plaic extecds to the coast. Throzgh~zt the Low Steppe, the altitade is less thac 250 m. Rscoff from the High Steppe flows ic several temporary rivers acd settles ir the macy depressiocs ic the Low Steppe, creaticg sebkhets (~ectioc 3.3.2). Shallow soils form or. calcareous crusts throzgh much of the region, ard ic areas of higher precipitatioc, red Hedjterraceac soils form on hard limestone (ONUPAA 1 985 ) . Most of the Low Steppe receives 200 - 300 nun accual raicfall, bzt the area soath of Sfax receives less thac 200 mm. Average temperatares of the 0 regioc are cear 19 C. Bioclimates vary from Semi-arid Icferior cear the coast to Arid Inferior southwest of 51 Djem. Eost of the iclacd portion of the Lox Steppe has ac Arid Saperior bioclimate ( ~ Hozeroz e 1966).
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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL F
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Preface Exec2tjve Sxmmary BIOLOGICA
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List of Figures: LISTS OF FIGURES A
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EIOLOCICAL DIVERSITY AXD TROPICAL F
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Vast areas are domicated by steppe
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Effective pollctioc coctrol legisla
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2. BACKGROUND INFOREATIOC ON TUNISI
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Table 1. Climate and Bioclimate Dat
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Important factors influencing the r
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have been made of medicinal plants
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forage plants that have Graminees :
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2.4 FAUNA Currently, about 75 speci
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All of the large mammals of Tunisia
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3. PRIMARY ECOSYSTENS OF TUFISIA 3.
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Urban wastes (sewage) also alter co
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combination of surface waters produ
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Raf Raf is highly cultivated, excep
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B. Fauna Rhodophyceae (red algae) L
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Mean annuah temperatures along this
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3.1.4. Culf of Cabes: Rass Kaboudia
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B. Fauna -- Mamnals. Although there
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Little grsbe Great crested grebe Bl
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Figure 5 Locations of Islands of Tu
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A. Vegetation Wuch of Galite is cov
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Duricg the cesticg season it is con
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species appearing at this stage inc
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factors increase predation on uplan
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B. Fauna Kuriate is one of the thre
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Fishermen construct long barricades
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A. Vegetation Most of Jerba has bee
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3.3. WETLANDS In this docamect the
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3.3.1 . Harkne Lakes and Lagoons 3.
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the number of species (zouali 1975)
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Honey buzzard Black kite Egyptian v
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B. Fauna Mammals. Red fox, jackal,
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center and the lake edge is highly
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3.3.1.6. Thyna Salt Ponds Just sout
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3.3.2. Sebkhets and Chotts Sebkhets
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A. Fauna Ic the south and west part
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- Birds. Two rare species of duck h
Page 81 and 82: The high numbers .of pochard and co
Page 83 and 84: A. Fauna Whet there is water, the e
Page 85 and 86: winter there. Waterfowl observed in
Page 87 and 88: wetlands have been selected as repr
Page 89 and 90: A. Vegetation Alocg the pools, the
Page 91 and 92: There are five maic mocctaic system
Page 93 and 94: The ~roumirie/~ogods are composed o
Page 95 and 96: Much of the Krournirie/~ogods has b
Page 97 and 98: Undergrowth in the zen oak stands c
Page 99 and 100: C. Irflcerces Decse forest cover no
Page 101 and 102: B. Fauca To the west of Tabarka is
Page 103 and 104: A. Vegetation The mountaic is domin
Page 105 and 106: sparse, acd the rkemaq is mixed wit
Page 107 and 108: 3.4. Tucisiac Dorsal The Tanisian D
Page 109 and 110: B. Fauca -- Mammals. Fama of Djebel
Page 111 and 112: B. Fauca Mammals living or. Dj. Mrh
Page 113 and 114: Astragalis fortanesii ssp. numidicd
Page 115 and 116: A. Vegetatioc Dj. Hansour is fairly
Page 117 and 118: B. Fauna Fauna of special interest
Page 119 and 120: C. Icfluecces The mouctaic slopes a
Page 121 and 122: 3.4.3.13. Djebel Sidi Abder Rahmane
Page 123 and 124: 3.4.4. Mouctairs of the High Steppe
Page 125 and 126: A. Vegetation A t the sammit of Bou
Page 127 and 128: 3.4.5. Douirat !4ouctaics Ic southe
Page 129 and 130: 3.5. STEPPES The term steppe is oft
Page 131: Irfluences. The imp~cts of humar ac
Page 135 and 136: C. Influecces Nost of the inland ar
Page 137 and 138: A t the base of Djebel Bou Hedma, t
Page 139 and 140: A. Vegetation Vegetatioc associatio
Page 141 and 142: .3.6. GRAND EASTERN ERG: SAHARA Alo
Page 143 and 144: 3.7. OASES There are abait 60,000,0
Page 145 and 146: 4. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DATA BY GOU
Page 147 and 148: - Cecetic Resource Placts: Ceratoci
Page 149 and 150: Medicical Placts: Asphodelis cerasi
Page 151 and 152: Birds: Le Kef (~orticsed ) t White
Page 153 and 154: D. SILIANA &jar Bmqstems: High Tell
Page 155 and 156: Area: 350,000 ha E. BIZERTE Major E
Page 157 and 158: Area: 290,000 ha F. NABEUL Major Ec
Page 159 and 160: Gancet Grey heror. Little egret t W
Page 161 and 162: Tucis (~ortinued) Xammals (foucd at
Page 163 and 164: Area: 375,000 ha Ha jor Ecosystems:
Page 165 and 166: Area: 665,000 ha I. KAIROUAN Major
Page 167 and 168: Area: 800,000 ha J. KASSERINE Major
Page 169 and 170: Figure 13 Birds of the '~asserice C
Page 171 and 172: - Birds: See Figure 14 Sidi Bou Zid
Page 173 and 174: Area: 280,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 175 and 176: Area: 235,000 ha N. SOUSSE Major Ec
Page 177 and 178: Area : 770,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 179 and 180: Area: 695,000 ha P. GABES Major Eco
Page 181 and 182: Little grebe Great crested grebe Bl
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Area: 705,000 ha Najor Ecosystems:
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Area: 2,035,000 ha R. KEBILI Major
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Area: 845,000 ha S. MEDENINE Major
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Area: 3,600,000 ha T. TATAOUIME Naj
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Area: 610,000 ha U. TOZEUR Major Ec
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Arid Regiocs Institute (Icstitute d
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Law No. 58-105, 1958: Oc slopes > 2
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One of the goals of the catiocal pa
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5.4.9. Lake ~unfs Prbtected Vetland
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6. SU!
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4. Mouataies: A. Boi Korcire G.P.:
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, PART I1
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C. Querc~s cacariecsis (Zen oak) c.
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3. STATUS OF TUNISIAN FORESTS Ocly
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4. FOREST PROTECTION A cuxect polic
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LITERATURE CITED Acdrec, L. acd 14.
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Hollis, C. 1986. The modelling acd
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Vnr. Dijk et. al. 1986. Wictering w
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ANNEX 1 RARE, VERY RARE AND ENDEMIC
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Annex 1 (~onttnued) Species Status
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Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
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Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
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Ancex 1 (~octtcued) Species Status
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Annex 1 (~onticued) Species Status
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Acnex 2 (Cocticued) Comnor Kane: Sc
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Conmoc Name: Red-breasted merganser
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Connoc Came: Aiidoaic ' s gdl Slecd
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Conmoc Nane: Moustached warbler Aqu
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ANNEX 4 HEILICENHAFEM CRITERIA (~e~
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