biological diversity and tropical forests in tunisia - PART

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nediterranean . ..- Se Figure 6 Wetlands of Tunisia 1. Lake 1chkeul 2. Lake Bizerte 3. Lake Tunis 4. Lake Monastir . 5. Monastir Salines 6. Thyna Salt Ponds 7. Bahiret el Bibant 8. Sebkhet Ariana 9. Skt. Sedjoumi 10. Skt. Kourzia 11. Skt. Kelbia 12. Skt. Sidi el Han: 13. Skt. el Djem 14. Skts. Sidi Hanso and En Noual 15. Jeffara Complex 16. Skt. el Guettar 17. Skt. el Hamma 18. Chott Fejij 19. Chott Jerid 20. Chott El Gharsa 21. Kebili Lakes A. Lake Chitane B. Lake el Fie1 C. Lake Zerkine D. Oued Essed Pools E. Dar Fatma Bog
3.3.1 . Harkne Lakes and Lagoons 3.3.1.1. Lake Ichkeul 37'10'N g040'E Ichkeul is a permanent, brackish lake in the plain of Mateur at the north end of Tunfsia. The lake is 20 km southwest of Bizerte and 60 km N- NW of Tunis. During summer, when the water level is low, Lake Ichkeul has an area of about 8500 ha and is surrounded by 2737 ha of marshes (El- Ghezal 1982). After winter rains raise the water level, the surface area is about 10,000 ha. At its highest winter level, the maximum lake depth is only 3.7 m. Summertime depth is usually around 1.5 m. The shallow depth and low sloping sides result in the drastic seasonal changes in surface area. On the south side of the lake is Djebel Ichkeul (see Section 3.4.1.6), which rises to 508 m altitude. Five perma ent rivirs and seve a1 temporary 9 streams, draining a basin of 2089 km feed 335 million mf of water annually into Lake Ichkeul (~1-~hezal 1982). The proportioc of icput, by river, is Sejnane 30$, Joumine 489, Melah 12%, Ghezala 3% and Doumis 3%. Alocg with fresh water, the rivers also carry ac average of one million cubic meters of sediments from erosion into the lake. gbout 75% of the sediments are evacuated by Oued Tinja, leaving 250,000 m of sediments to settle on the lake bottom. The effects of this high rate of sedimentation are illustrated by the fact that during Carthaginiac times the lake had an area of 30,000 ha and completely surroanded Djebel Ichkeul. Today only one third of that area remains as opec water, all to the north of Dj. Ichkeul (~1-~hezal 1982). Oued Tinja connects Lake Ichkeul to Lake Bizerte, which is connected to the sea. In the summer, when the water level drops due to evaporatior and decreased input, salt water flows into Lake Ichkeul via Oued Ticja. A. Vagetatioc The vegetation of Lake Ichkeul and the surrounding mershes is interspersed and varied, but there is a general pattern of vegetation types radiating out from the center of the lake. Ic the open water Potamogeton pectinatus dominates the submergent vegetation, especially in the west end where it is an important food source for waterfowl. Another submergent common kn winter is Zannichellia palustris. Enteromorpha intestinalis, Chara sp., Ruppia maritima and Callitriche palustris are common summer species (~or~an 1982; Zouali 1975). At the edge of the lake, bands of reeds Phrapites the lake from the marshes and shoreline. Beyond the reeds, Scirpus maritimus, ,& and Juncus subulatus dominate the marshes. Typha angustifolia grows along channels through the marshes, whose higher banks are fringed by Tamarix africana. In saltier locations Salicornia arabica and Suaeda maritima dominate halophile associatiors. Or higher groand, Hordeam maritimum, Lolium multiflor>m, Daucus carota, Nerium oleacder and Zizyphas lotus appear. More complete vegetatior informatior is givec ir UCL 1977, Morgan 1982 and IUCN 1987.
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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL F
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Preface Exec2tjve Sxmmary BIOLOGICA
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List of Figures: LISTS OF FIGURES A
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EIOLOCICAL DIVERSITY AXD TROPICAL F
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Vast areas are domicated by steppe
Page 11 and 12: Effective pollctioc coctrol legisla
Page 13 and 14: 2. BACKGROUND INFOREATIOC ON TUNISI
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Climate and Bioclimate Dat
Page 17 and 18: Important factors influencing the r
Page 19 and 20: have been made of medicinal plants
Page 21 and 22: forage plants that have Graminees :
Page 23 and 24: 2.4 FAUNA Currently, about 75 speci
Page 25 and 26: All of the large mammals of Tunisia
Page 27 and 28: 3. PRIMARY ECOSYSTENS OF TUFISIA 3.
Page 29 and 30: Urban wastes (sewage) also alter co
Page 31 and 32: combination of surface waters produ
Page 33 and 34: Raf Raf is highly cultivated, excep
Page 35 and 36: B. Fauna Rhodophyceae (red algae) L
Page 37 and 38: Mean annuah temperatures along this
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.4. Culf of Cabes: Rass Kaboudia
Page 41 and 42: B. Fauna -- Mamnals. Although there
Page 43 and 44: Little grsbe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5 Locations of Islands of Tu
Page 47 and 48: A. Vegetation Wuch of Galite is cov
Page 49 and 50: Duricg the cesticg season it is con
Page 51 and 52: species appearing at this stage inc
Page 53 and 54: factors increase predation on uplan
Page 55 and 56: B. Fauna Kuriate is one of the thre
Page 57 and 58: Fishermen construct long barricades
Page 59 and 60: A. Vegetation Most of Jerba has bee
Page 61: 3.3. WETLANDS In this docamect the
Page 65 and 66: the number of species (zouali 1975)
Page 67 and 68: Honey buzzard Black kite Egyptian v
Page 69 and 70: B. Fauna Mammals. Red fox, jackal,
Page 71 and 72: center and the lake edge is highly
Page 73 and 74: 3.3.1.6. Thyna Salt Ponds Just sout
Page 75 and 76: 3.3.2. Sebkhets and Chotts Sebkhets
Page 77 and 78: A. Fauna Ic the south and west part
Page 79 and 80: - Birds. Two rare species of duck h
Page 81 and 82: The high numbers .of pochard and co
Page 83 and 84: A. Fauna Whet there is water, the e
Page 85 and 86: winter there. Waterfowl observed in
Page 87 and 88: wetlands have been selected as repr
Page 89 and 90: A. Vegetation Alocg the pools, the
Page 91 and 92: There are five maic mocctaic system
Page 93 and 94: The ~roumirie/~ogods are composed o
Page 95 and 96: Much of the Krournirie/~ogods has b
Page 97 and 98: Undergrowth in the zen oak stands c
Page 99 and 100: C. Irflcerces Decse forest cover no
Page 101 and 102: B. Fauca To the west of Tabarka is
Page 103 and 104: A. Vegetation The mountaic is domin
Page 105 and 106: sparse, acd the rkemaq is mixed wit
Page 107 and 108: 3.4. Tucisiac Dorsal The Tanisian D
Page 109 and 110: B. Fauca -- Mammals. Fama of Djebel
Page 111 and 112: B. Fauca Mammals living or. Dj. Mrh
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Astragalis fortanesii ssp. numidicd
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A. Vegetatioc Dj. Hansour is fairly
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B. Fauna Fauna of special interest
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C. Icfluecces The mouctaic slopes a
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3.4.3.13. Djebel Sidi Abder Rahmane
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3.4.4. Mouctairs of the High Steppe
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A. Vegetation A t the sammit of Bou
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3.4.5. Douirat !4ouctaics Ic southe
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3.5. STEPPES The term steppe is oft
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Irfluences. The imp~cts of humar ac
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Ic the southeeat, heavier soils res
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C. Influecces Nost of the inland ar
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A t the base of Djebel Bou Hedma, t
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A. Vegetation Vegetatioc associatio
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.3.6. GRAND EASTERN ERG: SAHARA Alo
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3.7. OASES There are abait 60,000,0
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4. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DATA BY GOU
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- Cecetic Resource Placts: Ceratoci
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Medicical Placts: Asphodelis cerasi
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Birds: Le Kef (~orticsed ) t White
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D. SILIANA &jar Bmqstems: High Tell
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Area: 350,000 ha E. BIZERTE Major E
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Area: 290,000 ha F. NABEUL Major Ec
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Gancet Grey heror. Little egret t W
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Tucis (~ortinued) Xammals (foucd at
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Area: 375,000 ha Ha jor Ecosystems:
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Area: 665,000 ha I. KAIROUAN Major
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Area: 800,000 ha J. KASSERINE Major
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Figure 13 Birds of the '~asserice C
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- Birds: See Figure 14 Sidi Bou Zid
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Area: 280,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
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Area: 235,000 ha N. SOUSSE Major Ec
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Area : 770,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
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Area: 695,000 ha P. GABES Major Eco
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Little grebe Great crested grebe Bl
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Area: 705,000 ha Najor Ecosystems:
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Area: 2,035,000 ha R. KEBILI Major
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Area: 845,000 ha S. MEDENINE Major
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Area: 3,600,000 ha T. TATAOUIME Naj
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Area: 610,000 ha U. TOZEUR Major Ec
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Arid Regiocs Institute (Icstitute d
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Law No. 58-105, 1958: Oc slopes > 2
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One of the goals of the catiocal pa
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5.4.9. Lake ~unfs Prbtected Vetland
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6. SU!
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4. Mouataies: A. Boi Korcire G.P.:
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, PART I1
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C. Querc~s cacariecsis (Zen oak) c.
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3. STATUS OF TUNISIAN FORESTS Ocly
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4. FOREST PROTECTION A cuxect polic
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LITERATURE CITED Acdrec, L. acd 14.
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Hollis, C. 1986. The modelling acd
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Vnr. Dijk et. al. 1986. Wictering w
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ANNEX 1 RARE, VERY RARE AND ENDEMIC
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Annex 1 (~onttnued) Species Status
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Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
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Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 228 and 229:
Ancex 1 (~octtcued) Species Status
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Annex 1 (~onticued) Species Status
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Acnex 2 (Cocticued) Comnor Kane: Sc
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Conmoc Name: Red-breasted merganser
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Connoc Came: Aiidoaic ' s gdl Slecd
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Conmoc Nane: Moustached warbler Aqu
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ANNEX 4 HEILICENHAFEM CRITERIA (~e~
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