biological diversity and tropical forests in tunisia - PART

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Vegetation Characteristics of Special Importance The Zembra archipelago is the only island location of the Olea- lentiscus association in Tunisia. Insularity has resulted in the halophile vegetation formation being different from that same type elsewhere. The littoral eone has been left undamaged by man for many years and the halophile vegetation ie therefore a prfme example of its typa in Tunisia. Soma species on Zembra are also common in Italy, but . have not extended their range into mainland Afrfca. These include: Senecio cinerea Echium maritimum Iberfs semperf lorens Poterkum spPnosum (Sanguisorba spinosum) The ocly Tunisian location of Calendula suffruticosa is Zembra. Rare and endemic species include (~aulthier 1978, IUCN 1987, Radford and Peterken 1969): T Scabiosa farinosa (cap Bon only) rT Diarthus rupicola hemaensis (cap Bon only) r Avena longiglumis r Meliotus alegans T Melica minuta ssp euminuta NA Ferula ticgitana (cap Bon and Oran, ~lgersa) r Silene neglecta r Erodium hymenoides v Sisymbrium polyceratum v Brassica cretica atlantica r E. maritimum r Lavatera punctata TA Sedam tuberosam ................................................... v = Very Rare NA = North African Endemic r = Rare TA = ~unisia/~l~eria Ecdemic T = Tunisia Endemic B. Fauna Mammals. Askde from small rodents and bats, the only mammal on the island that is probably native is the Maghreb subspecies of the European rabbit. In areas where rabbits congregate, they can virtually eliminate Brassica cretica and Daucus carotta by grazing. Myomatosis drastically reduced the rabbit population in the past, but in 1977 Snane still estimated 10 rabbits per hectare near-Cappo Crosso and 3 per ha around Calla Freda and Air Kabar. Introduced species include abundant black rats Rattus rattus alexandrus, which are preyed upon by feral cats. Some European mouflon - Ovis musimon were introduced to the island, as well as feral goats and sheep, which are now causing overgrazing and soil compaction problems - especially the goats. Endangered monk seals were observed on the Zembra coast in the past (IUCN 19871, but there have been no reports in recent years. Commoc dolphics are often observed near the coast. - Birds. Of the 140 bird species recorded for the Zembra archipelago, most are migratory. Some species stop at the islands for ocly a few days while others remain most of the year. The lack of a dense herb layer under the shmb formations results in a lack of nesting cover acd a lox prodaction of icsects for insectivores to prey oc (~nane 1977). Both
factors increase predation on upland ground nestkng birds; therefore, not . many resident nesting upland bird species have been recorded for Zembra. Some rather large populations of sea birds nest on the islands. A colony of c.20,000 - 25,000 Cory's shearwaters nests there (IUCN 1987). This is one of the largest known Cory's ehearwater colonies in their entire range (Snane 1977), and the only other known nesting location in Tunisia is the Galite archipelago. There are also nestkng colon5es of herring gulls and endangered Audouin's gulls and peregrine falcons, giving the site knternational importance. The main resident nesting birds are: Cory' s shearwater Shag Herring gull (900 pairs) t Peregrine (1 1-13 pairs) t Audouin's gull (10 pairs) Rock dove t = Threatened Species Mkgratory birds, many of which are likely to nest on the islands, icclude: Kestrel Fan-tailed warblar Long-legged buzzard Corn bunting Blue rock thrush House sparrow Long-tailed tit (uncommor) Goldfinch Coal tit Raven Non-nesting migrants include: Gannet Grey heron Little egret White stork Black stork Crace Black kite Short-toed eagle Sparrowhawk Buzzard Honey buzzard Booted .eagle Egyptian vulture Marsh harrier Hen harrier Eleonora's falcon Common sandpiper Cuckoo Quail Wren Blackcap Whitethroat Bonnelli's warbler Chiffchaff Goldcrest Spotted flycatcher Red-backed shrike Yellow wagtail Grey wagtail Tree pipit Water pipit Swallow House martin Black redstart Redstart Stonrchat Robin Blackbird Dunnock Herpetofauna. The reptiles and amphibians of Zembra have not been well studied, but Snane (1977) made a partial list, including: Psammodromus algirus ( common) Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus Challokdes ocellatus (commoc) Coluber hipporrepis - (snake) Phyllodactylus europaeus (probable) Malpolon monspressulanus " Caretta caretta caretta- marine turtle Cornella girondica 'I
Page 1 and 2: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL F
Page 3 and 4: Preface Exec2tjve Sxmmary BIOLOGICA
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures: LISTS OF FIGURES A
Page 7 and 8: EIOLOCICAL DIVERSITY AXD TROPICAL F
Page 9 and 10: Vast areas are domicated by steppe
Page 11 and 12: Effective pollctioc coctrol legisla
Page 13 and 14: 2. BACKGROUND INFOREATIOC ON TUNISI
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Climate and Bioclimate Dat
Page 17 and 18: Important factors influencing the r
Page 19 and 20: have been made of medicinal plants
Page 21 and 22: forage plants that have Graminees :
Page 23 and 24: 2.4 FAUNA Currently, about 75 speci
Page 25 and 26: All of the large mammals of Tunisia
Page 27 and 28: 3. PRIMARY ECOSYSTENS OF TUFISIA 3.
Page 29 and 30: Urban wastes (sewage) also alter co
Page 31 and 32: combination of surface waters produ
Page 33 and 34: Raf Raf is highly cultivated, excep
Page 35 and 36: B. Fauna Rhodophyceae (red algae) L
Page 37 and 38: Mean annuah temperatures along this
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.4. Culf of Cabes: Rass Kaboudia
Page 41 and 42: B. Fauna -- Mamnals. Although there
Page 43 and 44: Little grsbe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5 Locations of Islands of Tu
Page 47 and 48: A. Vegetation Wuch of Galite is cov
Page 49 and 50: Duricg the cesticg season it is con
Page 51: species appearing at this stage inc
Page 55 and 56: B. Fauna Kuriate is one of the thre
Page 57 and 58: Fishermen construct long barricades
Page 59 and 60: A. Vegetation Most of Jerba has bee
Page 61 and 62: 3.3. WETLANDS In this docamect the
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.1 . Harkne Lakes and Lagoons 3.
Page 65 and 66: the number of species (zouali 1975)
Page 67 and 68: Honey buzzard Black kite Egyptian v
Page 69 and 70: B. Fauna Mammals. Red fox, jackal,
Page 71 and 72: center and the lake edge is highly
Page 73 and 74: 3.3.1.6. Thyna Salt Ponds Just sout
Page 75 and 76: 3.3.2. Sebkhets and Chotts Sebkhets
Page 77 and 78: A. Fauna Ic the south and west part
Page 79 and 80: - Birds. Two rare species of duck h
Page 81 and 82: The high numbers .of pochard and co
Page 83 and 84: A. Fauna Whet there is water, the e
Page 85 and 86: winter there. Waterfowl observed in
Page 87 and 88: wetlands have been selected as repr
Page 89 and 90: A. Vegetation Alocg the pools, the
Page 91 and 92: There are five maic mocctaic system
Page 93 and 94: The ~roumirie/~ogods are composed o
Page 95 and 96: Much of the Krournirie/~ogods has b
Page 97 and 98: Undergrowth in the zen oak stands c
Page 99 and 100: C. Irflcerces Decse forest cover no
Page 101 and 102: B. Fauca To the west of Tabarka is
Page 103 and 104:
A. Vegetation The mountaic is domin
Page 105 and 106:
sparse, acd the rkemaq is mixed wit
Page 107 and 108:
3.4. Tucisiac Dorsal The Tanisian D
Page 109 and 110:
B. Fauca -- Mammals. Fama of Djebel
Page 111 and 112:
B. Fauca Mammals living or. Dj. Mrh
Page 113 and 114:
Astragalis fortanesii ssp. numidicd
Page 115 and 116:
A. Vegetatioc Dj. Hansour is fairly
Page 117 and 118:
B. Fauna Fauna of special interest
Page 119 and 120:
C. Icfluecces The mouctaic slopes a
Page 121 and 122:
3.4.3.13. Djebel Sidi Abder Rahmane
Page 123 and 124:
3.4.4. Mouctairs of the High Steppe
Page 125 and 126:
A. Vegetation A t the sammit of Bou
Page 127 and 128:
3.4.5. Douirat !4ouctaics Ic southe
Page 129 and 130:
3.5. STEPPES The term steppe is oft
Page 131 and 132:
Irfluences. The imp~cts of humar ac
Page 133 and 134:
Ic the southeeat, heavier soils res
Page 135 and 136:
C. Influecces Nost of the inland ar
Page 137 and 138:
A t the base of Djebel Bou Hedma, t
Page 139 and 140:
A. Vegetation Vegetatioc associatio
Page 141 and 142:
.3.6. GRAND EASTERN ERG: SAHARA Alo
Page 143 and 144:
3.7. OASES There are abait 60,000,0
Page 145 and 146:
4. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DATA BY GOU
Page 147 and 148:
- Cecetic Resource Placts: Ceratoci
Page 149 and 150:
Medicical Placts: Asphodelis cerasi
Page 151 and 152:
Birds: Le Kef (~orticsed ) t White
Page 153 and 154:
D. SILIANA &jar Bmqstems: High Tell
Page 155 and 156:
Area: 350,000 ha E. BIZERTE Major E
Page 157 and 158:
Area: 290,000 ha F. NABEUL Major Ec
Page 159 and 160:
Gancet Grey heror. Little egret t W
Page 161 and 162:
Tucis (~ortinued) Xammals (foucd at
Page 163 and 164:
Area: 375,000 ha Ha jor Ecosystems:
Page 165 and 166:
Area: 665,000 ha I. KAIROUAN Major
Page 167 and 168:
Area: 800,000 ha J. KASSERINE Major
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 13 Birds of the '~asserice C
Page 171 and 172:
- Birds: See Figure 14 Sidi Bou Zid
Page 173 and 174:
Area: 280,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 175 and 176:
Area: 235,000 ha N. SOUSSE Major Ec
Page 177 and 178:
Area : 770,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 179 and 180:
Area: 695,000 ha P. GABES Major Eco
Page 181 and 182:
Little grebe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 183 and 184:
Area: 705,000 ha Najor Ecosystems:
Page 185 and 186:
Area: 2,035,000 ha R. KEBILI Major
Page 187 and 188:
Area: 845,000 ha S. MEDENINE Major
Page 189 and 190:
Area: 3,600,000 ha T. TATAOUIME Naj
Page 191 and 192:
Area: 610,000 ha U. TOZEUR Major Ec
Page 193 and 194:
Arid Regiocs Institute (Icstitute d
Page 195 and 196:
Law No. 58-105, 1958: Oc slopes > 2
Page 197:
One of the goals of the catiocal pa
Page 200 and 201:
5.4.9. Lake ~unfs Prbtected Vetland
Page 202 and 203:
6. SU!
Page 204 and 205:
4. Mouataies: A. Boi Korcire G.P.:
Page 206 and 207:
, PART I1
Page 208 and 209:
C. Querc~s cacariecsis (Zen oak) c.
Page 210 and 211:
3. STATUS OF TUNISIAN FORESTS Ocly
Page 212 and 213:
4. FOREST PROTECTION A cuxect polic
Page 214 and 215:
LITERATURE CITED Acdrec, L. acd 14.
Page 216 and 217:
Hollis, C. 1986. The modelling acd
Page 218 and 219:
Vnr. Dijk et. al. 1986. Wictering w
Page 220 and 221:
ANNEX 1 RARE, VERY RARE AND ENDEMIC
Page 222 and 223:
Annex 1 (~onttnued) Species Status
Page 224 and 225:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 226 and 227:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 228 and 229:
Ancex 1 (~octtcued) Species Status
Page 230 and 231:
Annex 1 (~onticued) Species Status
Page 232 and 233:
Acnex 2 (Cocticued) Comnor Kane: Sc
Page 234 and 235:
Conmoc Name: Red-breasted merganser
Page 236 and 237:
Connoc Came: Aiidoaic ' s gdl Slecd
Page 238 and 239:
Conmoc Nane: Moustached warbler Aqu
Page 240 and 241:
ANNEX 4 HEILICENHAFEM CRITERIA (~e~
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