biological diversity and tropical forests in tunisia - PART

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Figure 2 Examples of Medicinal Plant Species (in part from Burrolet 1927, Nabli 1987) Anthemis sp. Asphodelis sp. Bryocia dioica Callitris articulata Capparis spinosa Daphne gnidium Eruca sativa Erica sp. Ficus carica Globularia alypum Hyoscyamus albus Lavandula multifida Nerium oleander Peganum harmala Pistacia lentiscus Portulaca oleracea Reseda alba Rosmarinus of ficinalis Solanum sodomaeum Tamarix sp. Urginea maritima Zizyphus vulgaris Artemisia sp. Ajuga iva Centaurium sp. Cuppressus sempervirecs Cynomorium coccineam Echinops bovei E. spinosus Euphorbia sp. Fumaria sp. Habiscus esculentus Lawsonia alba Myrtus commucis Opuntia ficus-indica Phoe~ix dactylifera Plantago ep. Punica granatum Retama raetam Ruta graveolsns Thapsia gargacica Urtica sp. Verbascum sinuatum Zygophyllum album
forage plants that have Graminees : Papilionaceaes: Cruciferae: Ulmaceae: 2.3.2. Species in Need Of the 406 rare and dimicished to the point become uncommon in Tunisia, such as: Themeda triandra Festuca dryme ja Bonjeania recta Onobrychis argentea africana Anthyllis barba- jovis Brassica cretica ssp. atlantica Celtis australis of Protection very rare plants in Tunisia, some have been that they merit special protection measures to prevent their disappearance from the country. a he preservation of a species in a country requires more than just saving some specimens in gardens or artificial reserves; the characteristic ecosystem and associated plants must also be preserved in an area large enough to ensure genetic viability. Tree species are somewhat difficult to preserve or expand in Tunisia, due to thc great demand for fuelwood and fodder. However. certain species have been reduced to scattered groves and their continued presence in Tunisia is uncertaic unless assistance is given. Acacia raddiana is a highly palatable tree species. During the Roman era the entire south of Tunisia was covered by acacias in the plains, giving it an appearance similar to Sudan or sub-Saharan Africa (P. Boudy in: ORSTOM 1962). By 1889 only 35,000 ha of the acacia pseudo-savanna were left; by 1921 it was reduced to 25,000 ha and only 5,000 ha remained in 1938. Today there are only about 10 ha of truly representative Acacia raddiana pseudo-savanna left (~ir. For. 1980). with some scattered trees elsewhere in the region. The trees are now protected on more than 60,000 ha for the slow process of allowing them to become re-established in the region around Bou Hedma called 'Bled Talha'. - Acer monspessulanum is a rare maple tree that grows at the summits of Djebel Zaghouan, Dj. Bargou and Dj. Serdj in the Tunisian Dorsal mountain range. Groves at all 3 sites are relatively small. If cutting were to occur, regeneration would be made difficult by the fact that the young trees are palatable forage. Although probably never widespread in Tunisia, the species merits special protection in its present range. Cupressus sempervirens numidica, or Maktar cypress, only exists naturally ic three small stands in the Kessera massif near Maktar (see Part 11, Tropical ~orests). Although it is planted widely as a windbreak tree, the three natural stands should be protected. Quercus afares is a rare oak that once probably grew as a vast forest in Tunisia and Algeria. Of the three remaining groves in Tunisia, the one at El Feidja may be protected as part of a national park (see Section 3.4.1 .I, acd 5.4), but the grove at Ain Zana is still in need of serious protectioc.
Page 1 and 2: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL F
Page 3 and 4: Preface Exec2tjve Sxmmary BIOLOGICA
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures: LISTS OF FIGURES A
Page 7 and 8: EIOLOCICAL DIVERSITY AXD TROPICAL F
Page 9 and 10: Vast areas are domicated by steppe
Page 11 and 12: Effective pollctioc coctrol legisla
Page 13 and 14: 2. BACKGROUND INFOREATIOC ON TUNISI
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Climate and Bioclimate Dat
Page 17 and 18: Important factors influencing the r
Page 19: have been made of medicinal plants
Page 23 and 24: 2.4 FAUNA Currently, about 75 speci
Page 25 and 26: All of the large mammals of Tunisia
Page 27 and 28: 3. PRIMARY ECOSYSTENS OF TUFISIA 3.
Page 29 and 30: Urban wastes (sewage) also alter co
Page 31 and 32: combination of surface waters produ
Page 33 and 34: Raf Raf is highly cultivated, excep
Page 35 and 36: B. Fauna Rhodophyceae (red algae) L
Page 37 and 38: Mean annuah temperatures along this
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.4. Culf of Cabes: Rass Kaboudia
Page 41 and 42: B. Fauna -- Mamnals. Although there
Page 43 and 44: Little grsbe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 45 and 46: Figure 5 Locations of Islands of Tu
Page 47 and 48: A. Vegetation Wuch of Galite is cov
Page 49 and 50: Duricg the cesticg season it is con
Page 51 and 52: species appearing at this stage inc
Page 53 and 54: factors increase predation on uplan
Page 55 and 56: B. Fauna Kuriate is one of the thre
Page 57 and 58: Fishermen construct long barricades
Page 59 and 60: A. Vegetation Most of Jerba has bee
Page 61 and 62: 3.3. WETLANDS In this docamect the
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.1 . Harkne Lakes and Lagoons 3.
Page 65 and 66: the number of species (zouali 1975)
Page 67 and 68: Honey buzzard Black kite Egyptian v
Page 69 and 70: B. Fauna Mammals. Red fox, jackal,
Page 71 and 72:
center and the lake edge is highly
Page 73 and 74:
3.3.1.6. Thyna Salt Ponds Just sout
Page 75 and 76:
3.3.2. Sebkhets and Chotts Sebkhets
Page 77 and 78:
A. Fauna Ic the south and west part
Page 79 and 80:
- Birds. Two rare species of duck h
Page 81 and 82:
The high numbers .of pochard and co
Page 83 and 84:
A. Fauna Whet there is water, the e
Page 85 and 86:
winter there. Waterfowl observed in
Page 87 and 88:
wetlands have been selected as repr
Page 89 and 90:
A. Vegetation Alocg the pools, the
Page 91 and 92:
There are five maic mocctaic system
Page 93 and 94:
The ~roumirie/~ogods are composed o
Page 95 and 96:
Much of the Krournirie/~ogods has b
Page 97 and 98:
Undergrowth in the zen oak stands c
Page 99 and 100:
C. Irflcerces Decse forest cover no
Page 101 and 102:
B. Fauca To the west of Tabarka is
Page 103 and 104:
A. Vegetation The mountaic is domin
Page 105 and 106:
sparse, acd the rkemaq is mixed wit
Page 107 and 108:
3.4. Tucisiac Dorsal The Tanisian D
Page 109 and 110:
B. Fauca -- Mammals. Fama of Djebel
Page 111 and 112:
B. Fauca Mammals living or. Dj. Mrh
Page 113 and 114:
Astragalis fortanesii ssp. numidicd
Page 115 and 116:
A. Vegetatioc Dj. Hansour is fairly
Page 117 and 118:
B. Fauna Fauna of special interest
Page 119 and 120:
C. Icfluecces The mouctaic slopes a
Page 121 and 122:
3.4.3.13. Djebel Sidi Abder Rahmane
Page 123 and 124:
3.4.4. Mouctairs of the High Steppe
Page 125 and 126:
A. Vegetation A t the sammit of Bou
Page 127 and 128:
3.4.5. Douirat !4ouctaics Ic southe
Page 129 and 130:
3.5. STEPPES The term steppe is oft
Page 131 and 132:
Irfluences. The imp~cts of humar ac
Page 133 and 134:
Ic the southeeat, heavier soils res
Page 135 and 136:
C. Influecces Nost of the inland ar
Page 137 and 138:
A t the base of Djebel Bou Hedma, t
Page 139 and 140:
A. Vegetation Vegetatioc associatio
Page 141 and 142:
.3.6. GRAND EASTERN ERG: SAHARA Alo
Page 143 and 144:
3.7. OASES There are abait 60,000,0
Page 145 and 146:
4. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DATA BY GOU
Page 147 and 148:
- Cecetic Resource Placts: Ceratoci
Page 149 and 150:
Medicical Placts: Asphodelis cerasi
Page 151 and 152:
Birds: Le Kef (~orticsed ) t White
Page 153 and 154:
D. SILIANA &jar Bmqstems: High Tell
Page 155 and 156:
Area: 350,000 ha E. BIZERTE Major E
Page 157 and 158:
Area: 290,000 ha F. NABEUL Major Ec
Page 159 and 160:
Gancet Grey heror. Little egret t W
Page 161 and 162:
Tucis (~ortinued) Xammals (foucd at
Page 163 and 164:
Area: 375,000 ha Ha jor Ecosystems:
Page 165 and 166:
Area: 665,000 ha I. KAIROUAN Major
Page 167 and 168:
Area: 800,000 ha J. KASSERINE Major
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 13 Birds of the '~asserice C
Page 171 and 172:
- Birds: See Figure 14 Sidi Bou Zid
Page 173 and 174:
Area: 280,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 175 and 176:
Area: 235,000 ha N. SOUSSE Major Ec
Page 177 and 178:
Area : 770,000 ha Major Ecosystems:
Page 179 and 180:
Area: 695,000 ha P. GABES Major Eco
Page 181 and 182:
Little grebe Great crested grebe Bl
Page 183 and 184:
Area: 705,000 ha Najor Ecosystems:
Page 185 and 186:
Area: 2,035,000 ha R. KEBILI Major
Page 187 and 188:
Area: 845,000 ha S. MEDENINE Major
Page 189 and 190:
Area: 3,600,000 ha T. TATAOUIME Naj
Page 191 and 192:
Area: 610,000 ha U. TOZEUR Major Ec
Page 193 and 194:
Arid Regiocs Institute (Icstitute d
Page 195 and 196:
Law No. 58-105, 1958: Oc slopes > 2
Page 197:
One of the goals of the catiocal pa
Page 200 and 201:
5.4.9. Lake ~unfs Prbtected Vetland
Page 202 and 203:
6. SU!
Page 204 and 205:
4. Mouataies: A. Boi Korcire G.P.:
Page 206 and 207:
, PART I1
Page 208 and 209:
C. Querc~s cacariecsis (Zen oak) c.
Page 210 and 211:
3. STATUS OF TUNISIAN FORESTS Ocly
Page 212 and 213:
4. FOREST PROTECTION A cuxect polic
Page 214 and 215:
LITERATURE CITED Acdrec, L. acd 14.
Page 216 and 217:
Hollis, C. 1986. The modelling acd
Page 218 and 219:
Vnr. Dijk et. al. 1986. Wictering w
Page 220 and 221:
ANNEX 1 RARE, VERY RARE AND ENDEMIC
Page 222 and 223:
Annex 1 (~onttnued) Species Status
Page 224 and 225:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 226 and 227:
Annex 1 (continued) Species Status
Page 228 and 229:
Ancex 1 (~octtcued) Species Status
Page 230 and 231:
Annex 1 (~onticued) Species Status
Page 232 and 233:
Acnex 2 (Cocticued) Comnor Kane: Sc
Page 234 and 235:
Conmoc Name: Red-breasted merganser
Page 236 and 237:
Connoc Came: Aiidoaic ' s gdl Slecd
Page 238 and 239:
Conmoc Nane: Moustached warbler Aqu
Page 240 and 241:
ANNEX 4 HEILICENHAFEM CRITERIA (~e~
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