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aviva@router1# set host 172.17.12.30 log-prefix M20-JUNOS-cookbook The messages from your router now contain this string: Mar 23 12:01:57 server1 named[45618]: zoneref: Masters for slave zone "mycompany.com" REFUSED transfer Mar 23 20:15:46 router1-fxp0.mycompany M20-JUNOS-cookbook: xntpd[5633]: %NTP-5: ntpd 4.0.99b Sat Mar 12 07:43:39 GMT 2005 (1) How you specify the router identifier string is a little bit different from how you specify other strings in JUNOS statements. You can use all alphanumeric and special characters except equals signs and colons, but you cannot include spaces, even if you enclose them in quotation marks. The syslog utility running on your server understands just the standard syslog message facilities. Many of the JUNOS system logging facilities map to the standard syslog ones, but some are JUNOS specific. For example, the JUNOS ftp facility maps to LOG_FTP and kernel maps to LOG_KERNEL, but INTERACT and PFE don’t map to anything in syslog. By default, the JUNOS software maps the facilities to a syslog alternate facility. Just as in the Unix syslog utility, the JUNOS software has eight alternate facilities, local0 through local7. Table 5-3 shows the default mappings of the JUNOS-specific facilities to alternate facilities. Table 5-3. Mappings for JUNOS-specific system logging facilities JUNOS facility change-log conflict-log firewall interactive-commands pfe syslogd alternate facility local6 local5 local3 local7 local4 To have the server process messages from the JUNOS-specific logging facility, you direct messages having these alternate facilities to a file on the server. On a FreeBSD system, you define this mapping in the /etc/syslog.conf file. To place the interactive messages in a logging file, you could include the following line in the /etc/syslog.conf file: local7.* /var/log/router-command-messages When you are collecting logs from a number of routers on the same server, the server cannot distinguish among the different routers and places all messages that have the same facility in the same file. This can get rather messy when you are trying to sort out which messages came from which routers, so you should send each router’s messages to its own file. To set this up on the router, choose an alternate facility: [edit system syslog] aviva@router1# set host 172.17.12.30 facility-override local0 174 | Chapter 5: Logging This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
This command causes all messages sent to the remote host to be flagged with the standard local0 facility. On the server, you map to a file in the /etc/syslog.conf file: local0.* /var/log/M20-JUNOS-cookbook-messages A check of the file shows the system log messages from the router: aviva-server1%: tail -4 M20-JUNOS-cookbook-messages Mar 24 00:45:40 router1-fxp0.mycompany M20-JUNOS-cookbook: mgd[5257]: %INTERACT-6-UI_CMDLINE_READ_LINE: User 'aviva', command 'edit system syslog ' Mar 24 01:00:00 router1-fxp0.mycompany M20-JUNOS-cookbook: CRON[8784]: %CRON-6: (root) CMD (newsyslog) Mar 24 01:01:00 router1-fxp0.mycompany M20-JUNOS-cookbook: CRON[8787]: %CRON-6: (root) CMD (adjkerntz -a) Mar 24 01:08:04 router1-fxp0.mycompany M20-JUNOS-cookbook: mgd[5257]: %INTERACT-6-UI_CMDLINE_READ_LINE: User 'aviva', command 'edit host server1 ' You can run system logging management software on the central log server to help analyze the collected log messages. One widely used product is syslog-ng (http:// www.balabit.com/products/syslog_ng), which filters logging messages based on source IP address and separates messages from different sources into different files instead of placing them into one file. This is particularly useful for network operators who aggregate messages from several devices. Another widely used tool is swatch (simple watcher; http://swatch.sourceforge.net), which actively scans logfiles entries as soon as syslogd receives them and reports what is happening in real time. swatch can also take action when it encounters certain log messages. 5.8 Saving Logging Messages to the Other Routing Engine Problem Your router has a second Routing Engine for redundancy, but the router runs fine off the primary Routing Engine and never fails over to the second one. You want to take advantage of the storage space available on the second Routing Engine’s hard disk to save some of your logging messages. Solution Redirect the logging messages to the other Routing Engine: [edit system syslog] aviva@router1# set host other-routing-engine authorization notice <strong>Discussion</strong> If you always run your router off the primary Routing Engine (RE0), there is likely a lot of available hard disk space on the second Routing Engine’s hard disk that you Saving Logging Messages to the Other Routing Engine | 175 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
Page 147 and 148: Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
Page 149 and 150: Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
Page 151 and 152: Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
Page 153 and 154: Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
Page 155 and 156: juniperMIB, which is the top node o
Page 157 and 158: Juniper Networks provides several d
Page 159 and 160: 4.2 Setting Router Information for
Page 161 and 162: Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
Page 163 and 164: Solution You can add a term to the
Page 165 and 166: You might want to give access to al
Page 167 and 168: aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
Page 169 and 170: 4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
Page 171 and 172: CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
Page 173 and 174: Table 4-2. System logging severity
Page 175 and 176: Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
Page 177 and 178: See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
Page 179 and 180: nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
Page 181 and 182: Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
Page 183 and 184: Finally, configure which traps the
Page 185 and 186: } notify chassis-notification-list
Page 187 and 188: Some are the same as those used by
Page 189 and 190: Solution Use the following commands
Page 191 and 192: 5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
Page 193 and 194: Discussion The default maximum size
Page 195 and 196: no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
Page 197: Discussion This configuration redir
Page 201 and 202: Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
Page 203 and 204: The traceoption flags indicate the
Page 205 and 206: Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
Page 207 and 208: 6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
Page 209 and 210: Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
Page 211 and 212: You can also have all the routers s
Page 213 and 214: 6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
Page 215 and 216: Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
Page 217 and 218: under the name of the interface and
Page 219 and 220: Solution Use the show interfaces co
Page 221 and 222: the physical interface. It allows y
Page 223 and 224: Solution The show interfaces extens
Page 225 and 226: Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
Page 227 and 228: Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
Page 229 and 230: 1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
Page 231 and 232: To remove an extra IP address, use
Page 233 and 234: Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
Page 235 and 236: Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
Page 237 and 238: Solution Configure the router’s m
Page 239 and 240: On an M-series or a T-series router
Page 241 and 242: You can confirm the presence of the
Page 243 and 244: Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
Page 245 and 246: Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
Page 247 and 248: Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
Page 485 and 486:
Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
Page 491 and 492:
You see that the route to 192.168.1
Page 493 and 494:
When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
Page 499 and 500:
This forwarding table is then copie
Page 501 and 502:
BGP establishes the connection, fro
Page 503 and 504:
Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
Page 505 and 506:
Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
Page 507 and 508:
RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
Page 509 and 510:
The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
Page 513 and 514:
Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
Page 525 and 526:
Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
Page 527 and 528:
aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
Page 535 and 536:
10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
Page 537 and 538:
Solution On the ingress router, loo
Page 539 and 540:
for LSP signaling. On the egress an
Page 541 and 542:
Discussion There are several ways t
Page 543 and 544:
14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
Page 545 and 546:
14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
Page 547 and 548:
RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
Page 549 and 550:
The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
Page 551 and 552:
However, RSVP cannot establish the
Page 553 and 554:
Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
Page 555 and 556:
PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
Page 557 and 558:
The RSVP interface status shows tha
Page 559 and 560:
14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
Page 561 and 562:
Then examine the history of the LSP
Page 563 and 564:
To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
Page 569 and 570:
The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
Page 575 and 576:
PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
Page 577 and 578:
The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
Page 579 and 580:
VPN, and routes announced by a remo
Page 581 and 582:
The third and final step is to conf
Page 583 and 584:
One last protocol that you need to
Page 585 and 586:
All routes that are part of the VPN
Page 587 and 588:
--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
Page 589 and 590:
1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
Page 593 and 594:
emains private. When configuring th
Page 595 and 596:
} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
Page 597 and 598:
The VPN2 routing table also knows n
Page 599 and 600:
Just to make sure that prefixes are
Page 601 and 602:
Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604:
You administratively configure the
Page 605 and 606:
10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 609 and 610:
Again, verify the configured group
Page 611 and 612:
willing to be an RP send RP Announc
Page 613 and 614:
JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
Page 615 and 616:
Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618:
Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622:
The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624:
Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626:
The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628:
Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630:
IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634:
Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636:
The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638:
} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640:
Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642:
The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645:
The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649:
adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651:
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661:
IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663:
Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667:
O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
Page 668 and 669:
plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671:
RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673:
outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675:
set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677:
show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679:
ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681:
tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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