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The PIM bootstrap protocol sets up a primary bootstrap router and a backup candidate bootstrap router, which is available in case the primary one goes down. In this recipe, RouterA and RouterBact as the bootstrap routers, and RouterA and RouterG are the RPs. The set rp bootstrap-priority commands establish these two routers as the candidate bootstrap routers. The priority value ranks the likelihood for the router to actually become the bootstrap router. The value can be from 0 through 255, with a lower number representing a higher priority. However, setting the value to 0 makes the router ineligible to become the bootstrap router. The set rp local address commands on RouterA and RouterG configure these two routers as RPs. The commands in the recipe include the set mode sparse command to re-enforce the fact that the routers are running in sparse mode. If you are switching from auto-RP, which requires PIM to be in sparse-dense mode, make sure you change PIM back to sparse mode. Verify that a bootstrap router has been elected. Both routers have the same priority for becoming bootstrap routers, so let’s look on RouterA first: aviva@RouterA> show pim bootstrap Instance: PIM.master BSR Pri Local address Pri State Timeout 192.168.13.1 50 192.168.13.1 50 Elected 57 The BSR column shows that 192.168.13.1 (RouterA) is the bootstrap router. The State column confirms that this router has been elected as the bootstrap router. Now check RouterB: aviva@RouterB> show pim bootstrap Instance: PIM.master BSR Pri Local address Pri State Timeout 192.168.13.1 50 192.168.12.1 50 Candidate 124 The BSR column again shows that RouterA is the bootstrap router. The State column indicates that RouterBis the candidate bootstrap router. Why did RouterA win the bootstrap election? Because the bootstrap election priority is the same on both routers, the outcome is determined by choosing the router with the higher IP address. Verify that the other routers know about the bootstrap router. We can look on RouterG: aviva@RouterG> show pim bootstrap Instance: PIM.master BSR Pri Local address Pri State Timeout 192.168.13.1 50 192.168.19.1 0 InEligible 121 Again, you see this router knows that RouterA (192.168.13.1) is the bootstrap router. The Pri column shows that RouterG’s priority to become the bootstrap router is 0, which means it can never become the bootstrap router. The State column confirms this (Ineligible). The show pim bootstrap command output on the RouterE is similar to that on RouterG. 590 | Chapter 16: IP Multicast This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Now check the RP status on the routers. This recipe configured RouterA and RouterG as RPs. We check RouterA first: aviva@RouterA> show pim rps inet Instance: PIM.master Address family INET RP address Type Holdtime Timeout Active groups Group prefixes 192.168.13.1 bootstrap 150 None 3 224.0.0.0/4 192.168.13.1 static 0 None 3 224.0.0.0/4 The first line shows that this router (192.168.13.1) has been elected as the RP by the bootstrap router. The statically configured RP, shown in the second line of the output, is inactive because its hold time, which is how long the RP should remain active, is 0. This recipe also configures RouterG as a candidate RP, so check its RP status: aviva@RouterG> show pim rps inet Instance: PIM.master Address family INET RP address Type Holdtime Timeout Active groups Group prefixes 192.168.13.1 bootstrap 150 150 3 224.0.0.0/4 192.168.19.1 static 0 None 0 224.0.0.0/4 The first line in the output confirms that RouterA (192.168.13.1) is the RP, as elected by the bootstrap router. The second line of the output confirms that we statically configured RouterG to be an RP, but the hold-time value of 0 shows you that this configuration is not active. See Also Recipes 16.2 and 16.3 16.5 Filtering PIM-SM Bootstrap Messages Problem Your PIM-SM domain uses bootstrap routers to elect RPs. Some of the routers have interfaces that connect to other PIM-SM domains. You need to ensure that Bootstrap messages do not cross the domain boundary. Solution On router interfaces that connect to other PIM-SM domains, create filters to prevent bootstrap router messages from crossing domain boundaries: [edit policy-options] aviva@RouterB# set policy-statement pim-bootstrap-import from interface se-0/0/3 aviva@RouterB# set policy-statement pim-bootstrap-import then reject aviva@RouterB# set policy-statement pim-bootstrap-export from interface se-0/0/3 aviva@RouterB# set policy-statement pim-bootstrap-export then reject Filtering PIM-SM Bootstrap Messages | 591 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
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Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
Page 563 and 564: To understand how preemption works,
Page 565 and 566: 10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
Page 567 and 568: 9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
Page 569 and 570: The router knows how to reach its i
Page 571 and 572: 10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
Page 573 and 574: aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
Page 575 and 576: PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
Page 577 and 578: The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
Page 579 and 580: VPN, and routes announced by a remo
Page 581 and 582: The third and final step is to conf
Page 583 and 584: One last protocol that you need to
Page 585 and 586: All routes that are part of the VPN
Page 587 and 588: --- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
Page 589 and 590: 1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
Page 591 and 592: 65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
Page 593 and 594: emains private. When configuring th
Page 595 and 596: } } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
Page 597 and 598: The VPN2 routing table also knows n
Page 599 and 600: Just to make sure that prefixes are
Page 601 and 602: Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604: You administratively configure the
Page 605 and 606: 10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
Page 607 and 608: IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 609 and 610: Again, verify the configured group
Page 611 and 612: willing to be an RP send RP Announc
Page 613: JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
Page 617 and 618: Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620: Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622: The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624: Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626: The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628: Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630: IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632: If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634: Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636: The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638: } address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640: Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642: The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644: IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645: The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649: adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651: BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653: configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655: dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657: firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659: IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661: IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663: Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
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martian addresses/prefixes (continu
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O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
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plain-text passwords (continued) JU
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RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
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outing tables (continued) checking
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set route-filter command, 296 set r
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show ospf interface command, 386, 3
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ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
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tracing (trace logging) (continued)
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About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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