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contains the JUNOS software (everything installed by the jinstall or jbundle command), the router’s SSH keys, and a few other files generated from the configuration. The hard disk has one filesystem, /var, which is a large partition that contains system logfiles, diagnostic dump files, archived configuration files, and user home directories. (Also on the hard disk are the /altroot and /altconfig partitions, which contain a copy of the JUNOS software and related files and a swap partition.) When booting from the flash drive, the router uses the software and files on the flash drive. If the boot fails, it automatically tries the software and files on the hard disk. For the boot failover process to work, you must have already created a snapshot from a working version of the software. There is one additional filesystem on the router, /tmp, which is a RAM disk (a memory filesystem). To verify that the snapshot was successful, you might want to list the contents of the filesystems (with the file list command). However, the /altroot and /altconfig filesystems are not mounted, so they are not visible even though the underlying directories are still present: aviva@router1> show system storage Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/ad0s1a 77M 39M 32M 55% /devfs 16K 16K 0B 100% /dev/ /dev/vn0 13M 13M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jbase /dev/vn1 37M 37M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jkernel-7.4R1.7 /dev/vn2 12M 12M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jpfe-M40-7.4R1.7 /dev/vn3 2.3M 2.3M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jdocs-7.4R1.7 /dev/vn4 14M 14M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jroute-7.4R1.7 /dev/vn5 5.1M 5.1M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jcrypto-7.4R1.7 /dev/ad0s1e 12M 16K 11M 0% /config procfs 4.0K 4.0K 0B 100% /proc /dev/ad1s1f 9.4G 1.2G 7.4G 14% /var How do you know from the output of this command which partition is where? /dev/ ad0s1a refers to a portion of a disk. It is drive ad0 (the storage device) slice 1 (the first “slice,” and there’s generally just one slice), partition a (which is the first partition on a disk and always refers to the root partition). Similarly, /dev/ad1s1f refers to drive ad1, slice 1, partition f. On most M- and T-series routers, ad0 is the flash disk. In the case of router1, an M20 router that has an RE-2.0, ad0 is the flash disk and ad1 is the hard disk: aviva@router1> show chassis hardware detail Hardware inventory: Item Version Part number Serial number Description Chassis 25708 M20 Backplane REV 03 710-002334 BB9738 M20 Backplane Power Supply A REV 06 740-001465 005234 AC Power Supply Display REV 04 710-001519 BA4681 M20 FPM Board Routing Engine 0 REV 06 740-003239 1000224893 RE-2.0 Routing Engine 0 58000007348d9a01 RE-2.0 ad0 91 MB SanDisk SDCFB-96 i3238140903 Compact Flash 44 | Chapter 1: Router Configuration and File Management This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHGN1017 Hard Disk Routing Engine 1 REV 06 740-003239 9000022146 RE-2.0 Routing Engine 1 d800000734745701 RE-2.0 ad0 91 MB SanDisk SDCFB-96 ggbsc410020 Compact Flash ad1 8063 MB TOSHIBA MK2016GAP Y0T39909T Hard Disk ... The output of this command also shows the manufacturer of the disks. Use the show system storage command to find out the drive names: aviva@router1> show system storage Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/ad0s1a 77M 40M 31M 56% / devfs 16K 16K 0B 100% /dev/ /dev/vn0 13M 13M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jbase /dev/vn1 37M 37M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jkernel- 7.3-20050504.0 /dev/vn2 12M 12M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jpfe-M40- 7.3-20050504.0 /dev/vn3 2.3M 2.3M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jdocs-7. 3-20050504.0 /dev/vn4 14M 14M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jroute-7. 3-20050504.0 /dev/vn5 5.1M 5.1M 0B 100% /packages/mnt/jcrypto- 7.3-20050504.0 mfs:102 1.5G 12K 1.4G 0% /tmp /dev/ad0s1e 12M 24K 11M 0% /config procfs 4.0K 4.0K 0B 100% /proc /dev/ad1s1f 9.4G 2.4G 6.2G 28% /var You see that /dev/ad0s1a is mounted at /, and you know that’s the flash disk. /config is also on ad0 (the flash disk again) but on a different partition, and /var is on ad1 (the hard disk). The /dev/vn0 devices refer to the software installed on the router. All these partitions are stored on / (and /altroot). The show system storage command output is cluttered and contains more information than you normally care about. You can shorten by filtering out the installed software devices: aviva@router1> show system storage | except /dev/vn Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/ad0s1a 77M 39M 32M 55% / devfs 16K 16K 0B 100% /dev/ mfs:102 1.5G 8.0K 1.4G 0% /tmp /dev/ad0s1e 12M 16K 11M 0% /config procfs 4.0K 4.0K 0B 100% /proc /dev/ad1s1f 9.4G 1013M 7.6G 11% /var or even more: aviva@router1> show system storage | match ad /dev/ad0s1a 77M 39M 32M 55% / /dev/ad0s1e 12M 16K 11M 0% /config /dev/ad1s1f 9.4G 1013M 7.6G 11% /var Backing Up Filesystems on M-Series and T-Series Routers | 45 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
Page 17 and 18: Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
Page 19 and 20: Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
Page 21 and 22: Organization As the name suggests,
Page 23 and 24: Constant width Used for code sectio
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
Page 27 and 28: You can use a number of operational
Page 29 and 30: The show command displays the items
Page 31 and 32: Each listed completion is the confi
Page 33 and 34: command on the left side of the pip
Page 35 and 36: The > tells you that you are in ope
Page 37 and 38: } } } root@# commit root@router1# e
Page 39 and 40: For the initial router configuratio
Page 41 and 42: At this point in configuring the ro
Page 43 and 44: 1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
Page 45 and 46: Discussion It is generally good pra
Page 47 and 48: is often the first thing to check w
Page 49 and 50: In this example, the error is in th
Page 51 and 52: To track down what changed in the c
Page 53 and 54: Solution Use the following command
Page 55 and 56: login { class superuser-local { per
Page 57 and 58: If PIM is not yet configured, merge
Page 59 and 60: You can also save it to a file in y
Page 61 and 62: These files are also compressed. av
Page 63 and 64: You see that the running configurat
Page 65 and 66: Solution The rollback configuration
Page 67: See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
Page 71 and 72: J-series filesystems on a device co
Page 73 and 74: 1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
Page 75 and 76: Use the request system software add
Page 77 and 78: support site (http://www.juniper.ne
Page 79 and 80: JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
Page 81 and 82: Some of the main processes are MGD,
Page 83 and 84: switching board (the SSB), and two
Page 85 and 86: 1.28 Gathering Information Before C
Page 87 and 88: The apply-groups statement causes t
Page 89 and 90: } } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
Page 91 and 92: The commit synchronize command comm
Page 93 and 94: modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
Page 95 and 96: At this point, you can also upgrade
Page 97 and 98: lets them gain access to the router
Page 99 and 100: client/server systems—the RADIUS
Page 101 and 102: You need to enable FTP only if you
Page 103 and 104: use of the root account. Logging in
Page 105 and 106: A slight twist to this recipe is to
Page 107 and 108: Also, you will not be able to commi
Page 109 and 110: Solution Set all plain-text passwor
Page 111 and 112: Discussion When you want users to b
Page 113 and 114: individual user accounts with passw
Page 115 and 116: ead-only Can perform all actions in
Page 117 and 118: If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
Page 537 and 538:
Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
Page 553 and 554:
Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
Page 583 and 584:
One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
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emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604:
You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
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JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
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Now check the RP status on the rout
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Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622:
The anycast PIM configuration is qu
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Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626:
The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628:
Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630:
IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634:
Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636:
The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638:
} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640:
Upstream interface: local Upstream
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The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645:
The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649:
adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
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BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
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configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
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IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
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IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663:
Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
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O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
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plain-text passwords (continued) JU
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RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
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outing tables (continued) checking
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set route-filter command, 296 set r
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show ospf interface command, 386, 3
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ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
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tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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