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To check that OSPF is running on the router interfaces, use the show ospf interface command: aviva@RouterG> show ospf interface Interface State Area DR ID BDR ID Nbrs fe-0/0/1.0 DR 0.0.0.0 192.168.19.1 192.168.18.1 1 fe-1/0/1.0 BDR 0.0.0.0 192.168.17.1 192.168.19.1 1 This output shows the two interfaces we configured, fe-0/0/1 and fe-1/0/1. Both interfaces are in the backbone area, Area 0.0.0.0, and each has one neighbor. The State field indicates that interface fe-/0/0/1 is the DR for this network and interface fe-1/0/1 is the BDR, which is used if the DR becomes unavailable. The DR-ID and BDR-ID fields show the router ID of the DR and BDR. With this configuration, OSPF chooses as the designated router the interface with the highest router ID because all routers are using the default priority (which you see with the show ospf neighbor command, described below). If the router has not yet determined which router is the DR, the state is Waiting: aviva@RouterJ> show ospf interface Interface State Area DR ID BDR ID Nbrs fe-1/0/0.0 BDR 0.0.0.0 192.168.18.1 192.168.17.1 1 fe-1/0/1.0 Waiting 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0 Use the show ospf neighbor command to see who the OSPF neighbors are: aviva@RouterG> show ospf neighbor Address Interface State ID Pri Dead 10.0.1.1 fe-0/0/1.0 Full 192.168.18.1 128 34 10.0.0.2 fe-1/0/1.0 Full 192.168.17.1 128 34 The Interface column lists the two interfaces we configured. Interface fe-0/0/1 connects to the neighbor’s interface address 10.0.1.1, and this neighbor has a router ID of 192.168.18.1. The other interface, fe-1/0/1, goes to the neighbor’s interface at IP address 10.0.0.2, and this neighbor has a router ID of 192.168.17.1. You see from this output that both neighbors have a router priority of 128, which is the default OSPF priority. OSPF uses this value to select the DR, choosing the router with the highest priority to be the DR. In the event of a tie, OSPF chooses the router with the highest router ID. The State column shows the state of each OSPF neighbor. When OSPF network connectivity has established and the network is up and running, the state is Full. As OSPF connectivity is establishing, you may see Attempt, Init, or2way in this field. (If either end of an adjacency on a LAN is not a DR or a BDR, the final state is 2Way.) If the state does not show as Full after about 30 seconds, check that the OSPF connectivity between the two neighbors is working correctly. Use the show interfaces command to make sure that the interface is operational. On the neighboring router, use the show configuration protocols ospf command to make sure that OSPF is configured, properly, and use the show ospf neighbor and show ospf interface commands to verify that OSPF is running on the interfaces. 386 | Chapter 12: OSPF This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Another common problem in establishing adjacencies is an MTU mismatch between the end points of the adjacency. This causes the adjacency to get stuck in the ExState state. The show interfaces command shows the MTU sizes for the physical and logical interfaces. The last column of the output shows the OSPF dead interval, which is the amount of time remaining before the router closes the adjacency with its neighbor. OSPF sends Hello packets, which act as adjacency keepalives, every 10 seconds (this is the default). If there are no problems with the connection or the routers, the dead interval never drops below 31 seconds. The default dead time is four times the hello interval, or 40 seconds. In the show ospf interface output, you can see that OSPF has automatically chosen DRs and a BDR: aviva@RouterG> show ospf interface Interface State Area DR ID BDR ID Nbrs fe-0/0/1.0 DR 0.0.0.0 192.168.19.1 192.168.18.1 1 fe-1/0/1.0 BDR 0.0.0.0 192.168.17.1 192.168.19.1 1 How does OSPF elect the DR? It chooses the DR based on the priority. However, the default priority value (128) is the same for all OSPF interfaces, and we haven’t changed it in the configuration: aviva@RouterG> show ospf neighbor Address Interface State ID Pri Dead 10.0.1.1 fe-0/0/1.0 Full 192.168.18.1 128 34 10.0.0.2 fe-1/0/1.0 Full 192.168.17.1 128 34 When an OSPF interface comes up, one of the things it checks is whether the network already has a DR. If it does, the interface simply accepts that DR regardless of its own router priority. In other words, the assignment of the DR is sticky. This is done by design because it’s relatively traumatic for the network to switch DRs (except to promote the BDR). So, even if you were to configure a DR priority (the priority can be a value from 1 to 255, with a higher number taking priority), it is effectively ignored once a DR is elected. Typically, there is no reason to care which router is the DR, because all JUNOS routers are powerful enough to handle the LSA load. 12.2 Viewing Routes Learned by OSPF Problem You want to check the routes that are being generated by the Dijkstra SPF calculation to make sure that the router is learning the expected routes. Viewing Routes Learned by OSPF | 387 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
Page 359 and 360: } } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
Page 361 and 362: 10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
Page 363 and 364: The routing policy you set up is a
Page 365 and 366: so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
Page 367 and 368: can use it in the authentication-ke
Page 369 and 370: 10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
Page 371 and 372: Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
Page 373 and 374: Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
Page 375 and 376: oundary. This means that the IS-IS
Page 377 and 378: might be useful when migrating two
Page 379 and 380: Interface System L State Hold (secs
Page 381 and 382: RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
Page 383 and 384: The next four lines show the IP pre
Page 385 and 386: configuring the preference statemen
Page 387 and 388: 11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
Page 389 and 390: 11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
Page 391 and 392: key, or password, for each interfac
Page 393 and 394: } } from protocol static; then acce
Page 395 and 396: Again, we expect the metric to chan
Page 397 and 398: RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
Page 399 and 400: Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
Page 401 and 402: 11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
Page 403 and 404: 11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
Page 405 and 406: Using some of the other flags, you
Page 407 and 408: OSPF views routers as nodes, which
Page 409: Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
Page 413 and 414: The route entries starting with [OS
Page 415 and 416: entries that originated from the lo
Page 417 and 418: OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
Page 419 and 420: Checking on RouterA at the other en
Page 421 and 422: 192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
Page 423 and 424: The routers in the stub area no lon
Page 425 and 426: Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
Page 427 and 428: Solution You configure MD5 authenti
Page 429 and 430: Use the show ospf interface detail
Page 431 and 432: With the default metric, traffic fr
Page 433 and 434: 12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
Page 435 and 436: This output shows two BFD sessions
Page 437 and 438: aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
Page 439 and 440: Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
Page 441 and 442: Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
Page 443 and 444: list of ASs to see whether a route
Page 445 and 446: E Route was originally learned from
Page 447 and 448: Then configure an EBGP session to t
Page 449 and 450: NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
Page 451 and 452: Next is information about routes le
Page 453 and 454: Looking at the remote peer router,
Page 455 and 456: * 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
Page 457 and 458: aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
Page 459 and 460: to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
Page 537 and 538:
Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
Page 593 and 594:
emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604:
You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
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JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
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Now check the RP status on the rout
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Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622:
The anycast PIM configuration is qu
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Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626:
The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628:
Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630:
IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634:
Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636:
The full RIB group configuration lo
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} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640:
Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642:
The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645:
The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649:
adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651:
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661:
IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663:
Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667:
O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
Page 668 and 669:
plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671:
RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673:
outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675:
set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677:
show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679:
ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681:
tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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