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the longer option to match all prefixes longer than 172.18.20.0/19—for example, 172.18.20.0/24. A variation of this uses the orlonger keyword instead of the longer keyword to match the specified prefix and all longer prefixes: [edit policy-options policy-statement long-prefixes term 1] aviva@router1# set route-filter 172.18.20.0/19 orlonger The difference between this command and the one in the recipe is that this command will match 172.18.20.0/19, while the set from route-filter 172.18.20.0/19 longer command will not. There are two other ways to specify address ranges. The upto keyword is, in some sense, the opposite of the longer and orlonger keywords, looking at the high-order bits of the IP address instead of the low-order bits: [edit policy-options policy-statement prefixes-to-exclude term 1] aviva@router1# set route-filter 0.0.0.0/0 upto /7 The following command matches prefixes 0.0.0.0/0, 0.0.0.0/1, and so on, up to 0.0.0.0/7. The final keyword is prefix-length-range: [edit policy-options policy-statement prefixes-to-exclude term 1] aviva@router1# set route-filter 0.0.0.0/0 prefix-length-range /25-/30 The following command matches IP prefixes in the range 0.0.0.0/25, 0.0.0.0/26, 0.0.0.0/27, 0.0.0.0/28, 0.0.0.0/29, and 0.0.0.0/30 only. Route lists can also match exactly one prefix, just as prefix lists can: [edit policy-options policy-statement long-prefixes term 1] aviva@router1# set route-filter 172.18.20.0/24 exact A second advantage of route lists over prefix lists is that each prefix can include an action. When a match occurs, the action is taken immediately instead of waiting to reach the then clause. (The action can be any of those listed in Table 9-3.) When the list of prefixes is long, this speeds up the processing of routing traffic. The following simple policy illustrates how this works: [edit policy-options policy-statement prefix-policy term 1] aviva@router1# set from route-filter 0.0.0.0/0 upto /7 accept aviva@router1# set from route-filter 0.0.0.0/0 or longer aviva@router1# set then reject This policy accepts prefixes up to /7 and rejects everything longer. You can also use route lists as another way to manipulate the routing information in a route. Instead of screening routes by protocol or by other routing information they contain, you filter by destination prefix: [edit policy-statement set-metric-igp] aviva@router1# set term 1 from route-filter 10.12.0.0/16 exact aviva@router1# set term 1 from route-filter 172.64.0.0/16 exact aviva@router1# set term 1 from route-filter 192.168.0.0/24 exact aviva@router1# set term 1 then local-preference 300 aviva@router1# set term 1 then accept 294 | Chapter 9: Routing Policy and Firewall Filters This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
aviva@router1# set term 2 then reject aviva@router1# show policy-statement set-metric-igp { term 1 { from { route-filter 10.12.0.0/16 exact; route-filter 172.64.0.0/16 exact; route-filter 192.168.0.0/24 exact; } then { preference 300; accept; } } term 2 { then reject; } } This configuration sets the BGP local preference value on three specific prefixes and rejects any other prefixes. 9.5 Filtering Unallocated Prefix Blocks Problem You do not want to accept prefixes from address spaces that have not yet been allocated by IANA. Solution Define a policy that rejects routes from unallocated address space: [edit policy-options policy-statement no-bogons term 1] aviva@router1# set route-filter 1.0.0.0/8 orlonger reject aviva@router1# set route-filter 2.0.0.0/8 orlonger reject aviva@router1# set route-filter 5.0.0.0/8 orlonger reject aviva@router1# set route-filter 7.0.0.0/8 orlonger reject aviva@router1# set route-filter 23.0.0.0/8 orlonger reject ... Then apply the policy to a BGP group: [edit protocols bgp] aviva@router1# set group external-group import no-bogons <strong>Discussion</strong> Bogons are prefixes in the IP address space that have not been allocated by IANA or that have been allocated but are marked as being reserved. About 40 percent of the total possible IPv4 address space is bogon. One subset of addresses that are reserved, and thus bogon, are the RFC 1918 private IPv4 addresses 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, Filtering Unallocated Prefix Blocks | 295 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
Page 267 and 268: Solution Add the new interface to t
Page 269 and 270: While this does what you want, it m
Page 271 and 272: When a single routing protocol prov
Page 273 and 274: IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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Page 279 and 280: } } family iso { address 49.0020.19
Page 281 and 282: 8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
Page 283 and 284: 8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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Page 287 and 288: The actual forwarding tables that t
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Page 291 and 292: Attacker A B Target Real source add
Page 293 and 294: Check the firewall filter counts wi
Page 295 and 296: Solution Create a routing policy th
Page 297 and 298: Discussion Martian addresses are pr
Page 299 and 300: Solution After configuring both OSP
Page 301 and 302: To verify the preference change, lo
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Page 305 and 306: This recipe shows how to enable gra
Page 307 and 308: Because the policy and filter condi
Page 309 and 310: then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
Page 311 and 312: The first command in the recipe def
Page 313 and 314: [edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
Page 315 and 316: Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
Page 317: (called longest-match lookup), so t
Page 321 and 322: See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
Page 323 and 324: the community string from the route
Page 325 and 326: used to verify that the router is m
Page 327 and 328: } } Discussion } } Placing firewall
Page 329 and 330: Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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Page 335 and 336: protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
Page 337 and 338: Firewall filter terms are evaluated
Page 339 and 340: 9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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Page 343 and 344: which traffic is more important and
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Page 347 and 348: Routing Engine, you want to make su
Page 349 and 350: from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
Page 351 and 352: 9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
Page 353 and 354: list of IP addresses in one place i
Page 355 and 356: lished TCP connections and you sudd
Page 357 and 358: By default, the JUNOS software impl
Page 359 and 360: } } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
Page 361 and 362: 10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
Page 363 and 364: The routing policy you set up is a
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
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Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
Page 541 and 542:
Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
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emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
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You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
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JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
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Now check the RP status on the rout
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Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
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The anycast PIM configuration is qu
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Solution Specify the group address
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The interfaces toward the multicast
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Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
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IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
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If you are not sure that the domain
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Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
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The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638:
} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
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Upstream interface: local Upstream
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The first entry is for the source i
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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The command in this recipe is a sim
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adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
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BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
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IP multicast (continued) limiting g
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Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
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martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667:
O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
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plain-text passwords (continued) JU
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RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
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outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675:
set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677:
show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679:
ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
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tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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