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7.4 Setting the Router’s Source Address Problem All IP traffic that is sourced from the router includes a source address in the IP header. The address chosen for packets depends on the interface that is used to reach the destination when the connection is established. You want to configure the router to used a fixed address. Solution Use the following command to always uses lo0 loopback address as the source address in IP packets: [edit] aviva@router1# set system default-address-selection <strong>Discussion</strong> When selecting an address to include in the source address field of IP packets, the JUNOS software chooses from among the addresses configured on the router. The first candidate to use is the first non-127.0.0.1 address configured on the lo0 interface. However, this means that the software usually, but not always, chooses the loopback address. To ensure that the software always uses the router’s IP address, use the set system default-address-selection command. Including this command is considered good practice so that when other systems on the network receive traffic from the local router, the packets always have the same address in the IP packet’s source address field. This command forces the router to use one specific address, the lo0 address, for most of the traffic that originates from the router. The source address never affects traffic that is forwarded by the router, only packets that are sourced from the router. If multiple addresses are configured for lo0, the software chooses the one with the lowest address. However, if you assign the parameter primary or preferred to a higher IP address, the software uses the higher IP address. The following command makes one of the loopback addresses the primary one: [edit] aviva@RouterA# set interfaces lo0 unit 0 family inet address 192.168.16.1/32 primary Figure 7-1 illustrates why you should set the router’s source address. In this topology, if you ping 1.0.2.1 from Mars, Mars normally sends the packet out the so-0/0/0 interface and uses 1.0.2.2 as the source address for that ping packet. Venus receives the ping and sends a response back to 1.0.2.2 (the source address). If Mars, Venus, and Earth have lo0 addresses 1.1.0.1/32, 1.1.0.2/32, and 1.1.0.3/32, and you have the default address selection configured on Mars, what happens is different. If you ping 1.0.2.1 from Mars, Mars uses 1.1.0.1 (its lo0 address) as the source address. It still sends the packet out so-0/0/0, and Venus still receives it and sends a response back to the source address of the ping, 1.1.0.1. 204 | Chapter 7: Router Interfaces This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/30 so-0/0/1 so-0/0/0 1.0.0.2/30 Earth 1.0.2.2/30 so-0/0/0 Venus so-0/0/1 1.0.1.2/30 so-0/0/1 1.0.1.1/30 1.0.2.1/30 so-0/0/0 so-1/0/0 1.0.12.1/30 Figure 7-1. Topology for setting the router’s source address Venus needs to know how to get back to 1.1.0.1. Venus knows how to get to 1.0.2. 2, because it’s a connected network. It’s going to need a route back to 1.1.0.1, however. You can set this up by distributing lo0 addresses with an IGP, such as OSPF. Let’s say that all three routers are distributing their loopback addresses using OSPF on all the interfaces in the figure so that all three know how to reach all the loopback addresses of each other. Venus is still trying to send its echo response back to Mars and might send it out either so-0/0/0 or so-1/0/0. Either way, it gets to Mars, and the ping application sees the response. Now, if you ping 1.1.0.2 (venus-lo0) from Mars, Mars sends it out either so-0/0/0 or so-1/0/0. Venus receives the ping and replies back, again over either link. If so-0/0/0 goes down for some unknown reason, the ping still works because there’s still a path using so-1/0/0. However, pinging 1.0.2.1 does not work because that interface is down. If both so-0/0/0 and so-1/0/0 go down, the ping still works, because Mars sends the packet to Earth, Earth forwards it to Venus, and Venus sees it and replies back, going through Earth. In other words, you can still get to Venus with the same IP address even if all your direct links to Venus are down. In a large network with hundreds of routers and dozens of links per router (any number of which might be down or congested), figuring out which address to ping is a hassle you can avoid by setting the router’s source address. One disadvantage of doing this, however, is that it tends to hide network outages. There are some other side benefits to using the lo0 address as the router’s source address. When you are stringing together IP addresses to use for DNS, it’s often convenient to use some hostname–interface name combination for it, such as Bellagio-ge-1-1-0-Gash2-link.jnpr.net or 0.so-1-0-0.XL2.SJC2.ALTER.NET. But if Setting the Router’s Source Address | 205 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
Page 177 and 178: See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
Page 179 and 180: nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
Page 181 and 182: Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
Page 183 and 184: Finally, configure which traps the
Page 185 and 186: } notify chassis-notification-list
Page 187 and 188: Some are the same as those used by
Page 189 and 190: Solution Use the following commands
Page 191 and 192: 5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
Page 193 and 194: Discussion The default maximum size
Page 195 and 196: no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
Page 197 and 198: Discussion This configuration redir
Page 199 and 200: This command causes all messages se
Page 201 and 202: Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
Page 203 and 204: The traceoption flags indicate the
Page 205 and 206: Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
Page 207 and 208: 6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
Page 209 and 210: Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
Page 211 and 212: You can also have all the routers s
Page 213 and 214: 6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
Page 215 and 216: Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
Page 217 and 218: under the name of the interface and
Page 219 and 220: Solution Use the show interfaces co
Page 221 and 222: the physical interface. It allows y
Page 223 and 224: Solution The show interfaces extens
Page 225 and 226: Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
Page 227: Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
Page 231 and 232: To remove an extra IP address, use
Page 233 and 234: Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
Page 235 and 236: Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
Page 237 and 238: Solution Configure the router’s m
Page 239 and 240: On an M-series or a T-series router
Page 241 and 242: You can confirm the presence of the
Page 243 and 244: Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
Page 245 and 246: Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
Page 247 and 248: Solution There are three steps to s
Page 249 and 250: 7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
Page 251 and 252: Run the loopback test, which sends
Page 253 and 254: 7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
Page 255 and 256: You can configure an error rate to
Page 257 and 258: Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
Page 259 and 260: SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
Page 261 and 262: Use the show aps command to check t
Page 263 and 264: type of ATM PIC, the configuration
Page 265 and 266: gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
Page 267 and 268: Solution Add the new interface to t
Page 269 and 270: While this does what you want, it m
Page 271 and 272: When a single routing protocol prov
Page 273 and 274: IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
Page 467 and 468:
13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
Page 503 and 504:
Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
Page 505 and 506:
Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
Page 525 and 526:
Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
Page 537 and 538:
Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
Page 541 and 542:
Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
Page 545 and 546:
14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
Page 553 and 554:
Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
Page 557 and 558:
The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
Page 563 and 564:
To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
Page 577 and 578:
The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
Page 579 and 580:
VPN, and routes announced by a remo
Page 581 and 582:
The third and final step is to conf
Page 583 and 584:
One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
Page 587 and 588:
--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
Page 589 and 590:
1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
Page 593 and 594:
emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
Page 599 and 600:
Just to make sure that prefixes are
Page 601 and 602:
Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604:
You administratively configure the
Page 605 and 606:
10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 609 and 610:
Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
Page 613 and 614:
JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
Page 615 and 616:
Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618:
Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622:
The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624:
Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626:
The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628:
Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630:
IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634:
Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636:
The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638:
} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640:
Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642:
The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645:
The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649:
adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651:
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661:
IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663:
Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667:
O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
Page 668 and 669:
plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671:
RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673:
outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675:
set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677:
show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679:
ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681:
tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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