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10.4 Enabling RIP Authentication Problem You want to ensure that all RIP protocol traffic your router accepts comes from devices known to you so that only trusted routers participate in determining how traffic is routed through your network. Solution Configure MD5 authentication for RIP: aviva@RouterA> configure [edit protocols] aviva@RouterA# set rip authentication-type md5 aviva@RouterA# set rip authentication-key 123456 rip { authentication-type md5; authentication-key "$9$CuWOtBIhSrc8XcS24JGiH"; ## SECRET-DATA group alpha-rip-group { neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; } } <strong>Discussion</strong> It is a good security measure to authenticate all RIP protocol exchanges to ensure that only trusted routers participate in your RIP network and in the exchange of traffic and protocol updates. RIP authentication was added to Version 2 of the protocol standard, so you cannot authenticate RIP Version 1 traffic. This example shows how to configure RIP to use MD5 authentication. You do this with two statements, one to set the authentication type and another to set the key, or password, that is included in all transmitted RIP packets. MD5 creates an encoded checksum that is included in the transmitted RIP packets. The receiving router verifies this checksum before accepting the packet. When you display the router’s configuration after you have typed the password, the password is displayed in encrypted form. This ensures that someone casually glancing through the configuration does not see the actual password. You can also configure a simple password for RIP authentication, which includes a plain-text password in the transmitted RIP packets. Plain-text passwords are easy to break by devices that sniff network traffic, so you should never use them when your goal is network security. For authentication to work across your entire RIP network, you need to configure MD5 authentication and the same password on all your routers in the same way as we show in this recipe. Once you have the encrypted version of the password, you 342 | Chapter 10: RIP This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
can use it in the authentication-key statement instead of the password itself. This is one way to minimize the number of people who see the actual password. aviva@RouterB# set rip authentication-key "$9$CuWOtBIhSrc8XcS24JGiH" 10.5 Routing RIP Traffic over Faster Interfaces Problem You want to force RIP to route traffic over a faster physical link even if using that link has more hops than a slower link. Solution Use the following command to make the path through the slower interface less preferable: [edit protocols rip] aviva@RouterA# set group alpha-rip-group neighbor se-0/0/3.0 metric-in 2 <strong>Discussion</strong> By default, each directly connected neighbor in a RIP network has a metric value of 1. If there are two equal-cost routes to a destination, RIP considers them equivalent and uses one or the other at any given time. You cannot control RIP’s choice of paths. If all the links on your network are the same speed, the path taken by RIP traffic is not an issue and you can leave the default metric values unchanged. However, if one of the paths includes a slower or faster link, you probably want to route the RIP traffic along the faster path. In our example, all routers are linked with faster Ethernet interfaces except for one, which has a slower serial link (see Figure 10-1). Serial Subnet 10.0.21.0/24 RouterB Fast Ethernet Subnet 10.0.22.0/24 RouterC Fast Ethernet Subnet 10.0.29.0/24 RouterA lo0:192.168.16.1 RouterD lo0:192.168.24.1 Fast Ethernet Subnet 10.0.15.0/24 RouterE Fast Ethernet Subnet 10.0.13.0/24 RouterF Fast Ethernet Subnet 10.0.31.0/24 Figure 10-1. Topology for controlling RIP traffic If you are controlling the path taken by RIP traffic from RouterA to RouterD, you want to make sure it never goes through RouterBbut always goes through RouterE Routing RIP Traffic over Faster Interfaces | 343 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
Page 315 and 316: Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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Page 321 and 322: See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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Page 327 and 328: } } Discussion } } Placing firewall
Page 329 and 330: Table 9-5. Header match conditions
Page 331 and 332: counterintuitive. However, understa
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Page 335 and 336: protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
Page 337 and 338: Firewall filter terms are evaluated
Page 339 and 340: 9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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Page 343 and 344: which traffic is more important and
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Page 351 and 352: 9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
Page 353 and 354: list of IP addresses in one place i
Page 355 and 356: lished TCP connections and you sudd
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Page 359 and 360: } } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
Page 361 and 362: 10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
Page 363 and 364: The routing policy you set up is a
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Page 369 and 370: 10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
Page 371 and 372: Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
Page 373 and 374: Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
Page 375 and 376: oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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Page 381 and 382: RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
Page 383 and 384: The next four lines show the IP pre
Page 385 and 386: configuring the preference statemen
Page 387 and 388: 11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
Page 389 and 390: 11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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Page 397 and 398: RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
Page 399 and 400: Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
Page 401 and 402: 11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
Page 403 and 404: 11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
Page 405 and 406: Using some of the other flags, you
Page 407 and 408: OSPF views routers as nodes, which
Page 409 and 410: Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
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Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
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emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
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You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
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JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
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Now check the RP status on the rout
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Also, make sure that the router’s
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Check to see which RPs the various
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The anycast PIM configuration is qu
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Solution Specify the group address
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The interfaces toward the multicast
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Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
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IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
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If you are not sure that the domain
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Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
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The full RIB group configuration lo
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} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
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Upstream interface: local Upstream
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The first entry is for the source i
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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The command in this recipe is a sim
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adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
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BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
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configure command (continued) exclu
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dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
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firewall filters (continued) loggin
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IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
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IP multicast (continued) limiting g
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Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
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martian addresses/prefixes (continu
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O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
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plain-text passwords (continued) JU
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RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
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outing tables (continued) checking
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set route-filter command, 296 set r
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show ospf interface command, 386, 3
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ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
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tracing (trace logging) (continued)
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About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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