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Solution Increase the cost on one of the IS-IS interfaces to force traffic to use a lower-cost interface: [edit protocols isis] aviva@RouterG# set interface fe-0/0/1.0 level 2 metric 30 <strong>Discussion</strong> By default, each IS-IS physical interface has a cost, or metric, of 10. (The lo0 interface has a default metric of 0.) Adding a third IS-IS router to our network (see Figure 11-3), we want to force RouterG to send traffic destined for RouterD (interface address of 10.0.24.2) through RouterJ instead of RouterH. Area 20 Area 30 RouterA 192.168.42.1 RouterG RouterH 192.168.19.1 192.168.18.1 RouterD 192.168.14.1 fe-0/0/0 fe-1/0/0 fe-1/0/1 fe-0/0/0 fe-0/0/1 fe-0/0/1 Area 50 RouterJ 192.168.17.1 Figure 11-3. OSFP network topology with three areas With the default metric values, the cost through RouterH is 20 (a cost of 10 for each interface transited) while the cost through RouterJ is 30 (a cost of 10 for each of the three interfaces), so the router chooses the path through RouterH: aviva@RouterG> show route 10.0.24.2 inet.0: 14 destinations, 14 routes (14 active, 0 holddown, 0 hidden) + = Active Route, - = Last Active, * = Both 10.0.24.0/24 *[IS-IS/18] 00:04:10, metric 20 > to 10.0.1.1 via fe-0/0/1.0 Use the traceroute command to confirm the path taken: aviva@RouterG> traceroute 10.0.24.2 traceroute to 10.0.24.2 (10.0.24.2), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 10.0.1.1 (10.0.1.1) 10.977 ms 9.131 ms 29.827 ms 2 10.0.24.2 (10.0.24.2) 9.763 ms 9.670 ms 29.863 ms 374 | Chapter 11: IS-IS This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Increasing the IS-IS cost of RouterG’s fe-0/0/1 interface to 30 reroutes the traffic through RouterJ. Here, we see that the cost to 10.0.24.0/24 has increased from 20 to 30: aviva@RouterG> show route 10.0.24.2 inet.0: 14 destinations, 14 routes (14 active, 0 holddown, 0 hidden) + = Active Route, - = Last Active, * = Both 10.0.24.0/24 *[IS-IS/18] 00:00:06, metric 30 > to 10.0.0.2 via fe-1/0/1.0 This increase occurs because traffic is now going via RouterJ, across three interfaces that each have a metric of 10: aviva@RouterG> traceroute 10.0.24.2 traceroute to 10.0.24.2 (10.0.24.2), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 11.747 ms 8.741 ms 10.099 ms 2 10.0.2.1 (10.0.2.1) 9.783 ms 19.964 ms 19.541 ms 3 10.0.24.2 (10.0.24.2) 20.068 ms 19.382 ms 20.051 ms If the IS-IS interfaces are running at significantly different speeds, each interface still has the same default metric of 10. When there are equal-cost paths to the same destination, instead of traffic being routed across the fastest interface, the default behavior is to equally distribute traffic across the different interfaces in a round-robin fashion. To have IS-IS calculate interface metrics that accurately reflect the actual interface speeds, you need to configure a reference bandwidth value. Instead of using the default metric, IS-IS uses the following formula to calculate the metric on each interface: reference bandwidth metric = ———————— interface bandwidth For IS-IS, the default reference bandwidth value is 10 Mbps, which is the speed of a regular Ethernet interface. To illustrate how the reference bandwidth affects the metric, consider a router that has Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet interfaces running IS-IS. For IS-IS to choose the best path, you can set the reference bandwidth to 1 Gbps: [edit protocols isis] aviva@RouterJ# set reference-bandwidth 1g With this configuration, IS-IS assigns the Fast Ethernet interface a metric of 10 and the Gigabit Ethernet interface a metric of 1. Because the Gigabit Ethernet interface has the lowest metric, IS-IS selects it when routing traffic. 11.11 Improving IS-IS Convergence Times Problem You want to speed convergence of IS-IS routes in case a path fails with no hardware indication, which might happen on an Ethernet network. Improving IS-IS Convergence Times | 375 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Page 373 and 374: Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
Page 375 and 376: oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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Page 381 and 382: RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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Page 387 and 388: 11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
Page 389 and 390: 11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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Page 397: RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
Page 401 and 402: 11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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Page 405 and 406: Using some of the other flags, you
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Page 409 and 410: Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
Page 411 and 412: Another common problem in establish
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Page 419 and 420: Checking on RouterA at the other en
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Page 423 and 424: The routers in the stub area no lon
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Page 427 and 428: Solution You configure MD5 authenti
Page 429 and 430: Use the show ospf interface detail
Page 431 and 432: With the default metric, traffic fr
Page 433 and 434: 12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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Page 439 and 440: Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
Page 441 and 442: Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
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Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
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emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
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You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
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JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
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Now check the RP status on the rout
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Also, make sure that the router’s
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Check to see which RPs the various
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The anycast PIM configuration is qu
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Solution Specify the group address
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The interfaces toward the multicast
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Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
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IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
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If you are not sure that the domain
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Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
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The full RIB group configuration lo
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} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
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Upstream interface: local Upstream
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The first entry is for the source i
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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The command in this recipe is a sim
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adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
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BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
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configure command (continued) exclu
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dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
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firewall filters (continued) loggin
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IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
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IP multicast (continued) limiting g
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Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
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martian addresses/prefixes (continu
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O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
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plain-text passwords (continued) JU
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RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
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outing tables (continued) checking
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set route-filter command, 296 set r
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show ospf interface command, 386, 3
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ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
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tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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