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O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (Object Identifier) overview, 130–133 remote monitoring and, 151 sysUpTime object, 154 online documentation CLI and, 9 JUNOS software, 56 Open Shortest Path First (see OSPF) OpenConfirm state (BGP), 425, 477 OpenSent state (BGP), 425, 477 operational mode commands in, 2, 3, 8 displaying permissions needed, 93, 94 functionality, 2 logging out of routers, 103 operator privilege class operational mode and, 82, 87 overview, 90 permission bits for, 92 operators (regular expressions), 445, 446 optional attributes (BGP), 420 origin action (BGP), 291 ORIGIN attribute (BGP), 420, 430 ORIGINATOR_ID attribute (BGP), 422 orlonger keyword, 294 OSI Reference Model, 192, 349 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) adjusting link costs, 406–408 authentication, 402–405 changing route preferences, 274–277 configuring, 384–387 configuring addresses, 206 configuring for IPv6, 391–393 configuring multiarea network, 393–396 convergence times, 409–411 CSPF and, 509 default routing policy actions, 286 disabling, 412, 413 firewall filters, 99, 313, 320, 323 graceful restart, 278–280 IGPs and, 333 IP routing, 246, 247, 258 IPSec and, 107, 118 IS-IS and, 350 label-switched paths and, 544–545 LDP and, 492 link-state databases, 372, 383, 385, 390–391, 395 loopback addresses, 205 moving traffic off routers, 411 P MPLS and, 479, 486, 503 NSSAs, 399–401 overview, 382–384 route convergence time, 333 routing policy, 284–289 static routes, 405, 406 “sticky” DRs, 366, 383, 387 stub areas, 397–399 summarizing routes, 401, 402 temporarily disabling, 378 tracing traffic, 179, 413–417 unicast routes, 546 viewing routes, 387–389 VPN routing tables, 565 VPNs and, 558 P (provider) routers, 553, 555, 556 Packet Forwarding Engine (see PFE) packet loss, fast reroute and, 528–534 packet-length match term, 305 packets tracing, 619–621 verifying labels, 516–519 partial sequence number PDUs (PSNPs), 367 passwords authenticating, 80 authenticating BGP peers, 451 brute force attacks, 74, 99 community strings and, 133, 138 encrypting, 50, 74, 75, 84, 499 hiding, 404 IS-IS authentication, 367, 368 login accounts and, 82, 83 NTP authentication and, 188 OSPF authentication, 403 RIP and, 342 root accounts and, 73 root authentication, 77, 78 root user and, 14 router security, 72 set archival command, 36 show command and, 14 SNMP and, 153 strategies for choosing, 73, 74 user accounts and, 73, 83 (see also plain-text passwords) Path message (RSVP), 484, 550 PathErr message (RSVP), 533, 550 pattern matching BERT tests, 229–231 regular expressions and, 445 642 | Index This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
pause frames, 197 PDUs (protocol data units) authentication, 367 CSNPs, 367 link-state protocol and, 349 PSNPs, 367 (see also LSPs) PE (provider edge) routers adding VPNs, 569 description, 553 labels and, 554 routing tables, 554, 563–568 VPNs and, 555–563 peer mode, 186 penultimate hop popping (PHP), 480, 492, 508 permission bits command execution and, 92–94 creating custom privilege class, 95 predefined classes and, 89–92 PFE (Packet Forwarding Engine) backup, 69 firewall filters and, 303 as forwarding plane, 248 forwarding tables, 247, 261, 263, 516 load-balancing traffic flow, 271, 475 viewing forwarding entries, 497 VRF tables and, 555 pfe facility, 163, 174 PFE facility code, 163 PFE_FW_SYSLOG_IP message code, 318 PFED (packet forwarding engine software process), 57 PHP (penultimate hop popping), 480, 492, 508 Physical Interface Cards (see PICs) physical interfaces defined, 192 encapsulations, 220 firewall filters and, 303 Frame Relay and, 232 inactive interfaces and, 244 MPLS and, 503, 504 MTU size, 387 unit statement, 193 viewing status, 196–198 PICs (Physical Interface Cards) ADMs and, 236 ATM interfaces, 238 configuring interfaces, 242–245 configuring PIM-SM and, 580 defined, 59 determining IP addresses, 216 firewall filters and, 100 FreeBSD and, 55 interfaces and, 191, 192, 195 IPSec and, 107 SONET support, 233 TCP sessions, 437 Tunnel Service, 242 PIM default routing policy actions, 286 firewall filters, 99 graceful restart, 278 PIM-DM (Protocol-Independent Multicast-Dense Mode), 578, 617–619 PIM-SM (Protocol-Independent Multicast Sparse Mode) bootstrap routers, 589–591 configuring, 579–583 configuring with anycast PIM, 596–598 configuring with anycast RP, 592–595 connecting domains, 607–617 filtering bootstrap messages, 591, 592 join state, 601–604 limiting group ranges, 598–599 manually establishing RPs, 583–585 MBONE and, 578 rendezvous point, 578 sparse protocols and, 578 ping command access control, 141 bypass-routing option, 227 CE routers, 562 community strings, 133 configuring RIP, 336 description, 3 dynamic SAs and, 114 egress routers and, 492 ingress routers and, 492 IPSec tunnel and, 109 label-switched paths and, 546 login class permissions, 89 loopback tests, 227 multicast groups, 613 TCP sessions, 437 verifying forwarding, 518 ping mpls command, 492, 519 pipe (|), 8 PKI (public key infrastructure), 123 plain-text passwords changing encryption method, 85, 86 changing format of, 84, 85 community strings, 133 IS-IS authentication, 367 Index | 643 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
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Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
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emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604:
You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
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JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
Page 615 and 616: Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618: Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620: Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622: The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624: Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626: The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628: Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630: IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632: If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634: Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636: The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638: } address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640: Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642: The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644: IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645: The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649: adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651: BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653: configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655: dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657: firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659: IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661: IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663: Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665: martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 668 and 669: plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671: RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673: outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675: set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677: show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679: ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681: tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683: About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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