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Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authentication, 367 configuring routers, 363–364 interfaces and, 352 leaking routes, 371–373 overview, 350, 351 Level 2 systems (IS-IS) configuring routers, 363 interfaces, 352 leaking routes, 371–373 MD5 authentication, 366–368 overview, 350, 351 link aggregation, 223–224 Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP), 224 link failures, fast reroute and, 528–534 link keyword, 137 link level layer, 480 link-state advertisements (see LSAs) link-state databases ABRs and, 383 calculating best routes, 359 Level 1 systems and, 363, 372 Level 2 systems and, 372 OSPF and, 372, 383, 385, 390–391, 395 overview, 349, 350 static routes and, 369 stub areas, 398, 399 summarizing routes, 401 viewing, 356–359 link-state PDUs (see LSPs) lo0 loopback interface anycast RPs and, 592 BGP and, 423 counting traffic, 330 firewall filters and, 304, 320, 322 IS-IS and, 351, 352, 356 LDP and, 489 MPLS and, 489, 504 OSPF and, 383–385, 392 PE routers and, 561 RIPng and, 340 Routing Engines and, 241, 320 setting addresses, 202–206, 212 Telnet and, 100 load balancing traffic flow, 270–272, 471–475 load command, 30 load merge command, 30, 31 load merge terminal command, 32, 33 load override command, 29 load replace command, 36 local password authentication, 74 LOCAL_AS attribute (BGP), 422 LOCAL_PREF attribute (BGP) adjusting, 440–441 changing routing information, 290, 291 configuring BGP sessions, 429, 430 description, 421 local-preference action (BGP), 291 local-user-name attribute (TACACS+), 98 log action, 306 log facility, 317 logfiles BGP traffic problems, 476, 478 changing sizes, 168–170 clearing, 170, 171 deleting, 47, 380, 415 knowing time accurately, 164 LDP operations, 501 OSPF and, 414, 415 RIP and, 347 saving, 380 snapshots of, 51 tracing IS-IS traffic, 379 logging access to routers, 147, 148 changing file size, 168–170 clearing logfiles, 170, 171 enterprise-specific traps, 148, 149 facility and severity in messages, 167, 168 limiting messages collected, 167 messages to Routing Engines, 175–177 monitoring interface traffic, 179–180 overview, 162–164 policy actions, 300 sending log messages to screens, 171, 172 sending messages to servers, 172–175 traffic on interface, 316–318 turning off, 177, 178 turning on, 164–166 turning on tracing, 178, 179 logging out automatically, 94 forcibly, 104, 105 of routers, 103, 104 logical AND operation, 292, 306 logical interfaces configuring IPv4 addresses, 206 creating MPLS family, 208 defined, 193 encapsulations, 220 firewall filters and, 303 Frame Relay and, 232 638 | Index This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
inactive interfaces and, 244 IS-IS and, 352 MPLS and, 503 MTU size, 387 primary and preferred addresses, 211 router IP address and, 203 unicast RPF, 268 viewing status, 196, 198 logical OR operation, 292, 306 login accounts customizing privileges, 89–95 establishing passwords, 82, 83 generic, 83 group, 83, 87–89 login classes and, 93 remote authentication, 86, 87 router security and, 73 login privilege class customizing privileges, 93, 94 setting up login accounts, 81 timeout values for, 104 logins creating banners for, 101, 102 determining, 102, 103 setting authentication methods, 80–81 setting up accounts on routers, 81–84 via router console, 79 logTable object, 152 longer keyword, 294 longest-match lookup, 293 loopback addresses anycast RPs and, 593 BGP and, 432, 433 FECs and, 491 IS-IS and, 352, 361 logging messages and, 173 OSPF and, 389, 392 PIM-SM RPs, 584 loopback interface (see lo0 loopback interface) loopback mode, 229 loopback tests, 226–228 loose mode (unicast RPF), 267 LRO (Label Request Object), 484 LSAs (link-state advertisements) convergence times and, 409 IS-IS authentication, 366 link-state databases and, 390, 391 NSSAs and, 399–401 OSPF and, 382–385, 403 stub areas, 398 summarizing OSPF routes, 401, 402 LSPs (label-switched paths) allocating bandwidth, 535–537 configuring, 485–493 CSPF algorithm, 485 fast reroute and, 528–534 IGP traffic and, 544–545 LDP and, 483, 493–497 MPLS and, 479, 480 MPLS labels, 482 prioritizing, 537–543 protecting paths, 521–528 routing tables, 513–516 RSVP and, 484, 502–512 security and, 519, 520 unicast routing table, 546–548 unidirectional nature of, 485 verifying packet labels, 516–519 verifying traffic, 497, 498, 519 VPNs and, 556, 558 LSPs (link-state PDUs) areas and, 350 authentication, 367 CSNs, 381 defined, 349 hostnames in, 353 Level 1 systems and, 363 moving IS-IS traffic, 377 OSPF and, 412 viewing link-state databases, 357, 358 M MAC addresses controlling DIS election, 365 displaying, 201, 350 Ethernet interfaces, 219 PICs, 198 source filtering, 197 maintenance permission bit, 89, 96, 166 malware, 296 Management Information Bases (see MIBs) management interface (see fxp0 interface) managers (SNMP client) community strings and, 138 defined, 130 MIBs and, 131, 132 remote monitoring and, 151 setting router information, 135, 136 traps and, 136 mandatory attributes (BGP), 420 martian addresses/prefixes adding, 272–274 Index | 639 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
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Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
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emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
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You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
Page 611 and 612: willing to be an RP send RP Announc
Page 613 and 614: JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
Page 615 and 616: Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618: Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620: Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622: The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624: Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626: The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628: Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630: IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632: If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634: Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636: The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638: } address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640: Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642: The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644: IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645: The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649: adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651: BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653: configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655: dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657: firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659: IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661: IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 664 and 665: martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667: O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
Page 668 and 669: plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671: RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673: outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675: set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677: show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679: ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681: tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683: About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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