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configured on interfaces that the default route uses, so it may not be a good fit in your network for this reason. To verify the configuration, look at the statistics on the logical interface: aviva@router1> show interfaces so-0/0/0.0 statistics Logical interface so-0/0/0.0 (Index 67) (SNMP ifIndex 41) Flags: Point-To-Point SNMP-Traps Encapsulation: PPP Protocol inet, MTU: 4470 Flags: uRPF RPF Failures: Packets: 23, Bytes: 2492 Addresses, Flags: Is-Preferred Is-Primary Destination: 10.1.12.0/30, Local: 10.1.12.1, Broadcast: 10.1.12.3 Protocol iso, MTU: 4470 Flags: Is-Primary Protocol mpls, MTU: 4458 Flags: Is-Primary The Flags field shows that unicast RPF is enabled, and the next line shows the number of packets and bytes dropped because of unicast RPF checks. When you think the router is experiencing a DoS attack, set up a firewall filter to count the packets dropped by the interface. Create a separate filter to count the unicast RPF traffic: [edit firewall] aviva@router1# set filter rpf-filter term default then count rpf-failed-count aviva@router1# set filter rpf-filter term default then reject aviva@router1# show filter rpf-filter { term default { then { count rpf-failed-count; reject; } } } This filter has no from clause, so it applies to all incoming packets. The then clause creates a file named rpf-failed-count and rejects all packets. Then apply the filter to the interface: [edit interfaces so-0/0/0] aviva@router1# set unit 0 family inet rpf-check fail-filter rpf-filter Reference the filter you created in the fail-filter option of the rpf-check statement. Unicast RPF filters are not part of the normal firewall filter on an interface but are handled separately. They are evaluated after input filters and before output filters. Unicast RPF looks only in the inet.0 routing table for IPv4 packets and the inet6.0 table for IPv6 packets, so if an interface’s input filter forwards packets to a different routing table, the unicast RPF check is not performed. 268 | Chapter 8: IP Routing This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Check the firewall filter counts with the following command: aviva@router1> show firewall filter rpf-failed-count Filter: rpf-filter Counters: Name Bytes Packets rpf-failed-count 2492 23 See Also Recipe 9.8 8.8 Aggregating Routes Problem You want to aggregate some of the routes in the routing table to reduce the size of the tables and to minimize the amount of routing-information advertisements between routers. Solution Configure an aggregate route that covers the specific routes beneath it: [edit routing-options] aviva@router1# set aggregate route 10.20.8.0/21 <strong>Discussion</strong> In this recipe, the routing table contains prefixes for 10.20.13.0/24 and 10.20.15.0/ 24, which aggregate as 10.20.8.0/21. Unlike static routes, you do not specify a next hop in the set aggregate route command, because aggregate routes are not “real” routes but rather are just route summaries. The default next hop is reject. Aggregate routes become active if a more specific route beneath them becomes active. For example, if 10.20.13.0/24 becomes active, the aggregate 10.20.8.0/21 also becomes active, and you then see it in the routing table: aviva@RouterJ> show route inet.0: 11 destinations, 11 routes (11 active, 0 holddown, 0 hidden) + = Active Route, - = Last Active, * = Both 10.20.8.0/21 *[Aggregate/130] 00:00:03 Reject 10.20.13.0/24 *[Direct/0] 00:01:30 > via fe-1/0/1.0 10.20.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 00:01:30 Local via fe-1/0/1.0 10.20.15.0/24 *[Direct/0] 00:01:30 > via fe-1/0/0.0 10.20.15.1/32 *[Local/0] 00:01:30 Local via fe-1/0/0.0 172.19.121.0/24 *[Direct/0] 1d 21:12:45 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Aggregating Routes | 269
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
Page 241 and 242: You can confirm the presence of the
Page 243 and 244: Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
Page 245 and 246: Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
Page 247 and 248: Solution There are three steps to s
Page 249 and 250: 7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
Page 251 and 252: Run the loopback test, which sends
Page 253 and 254: 7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
Page 255 and 256: You can configure an error rate to
Page 257 and 258: Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
Page 259 and 260: SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
Page 261 and 262: Use the show aps command to check t
Page 263 and 264: type of ATM PIC, the configuration
Page 265 and 266: gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
Page 267 and 268: Solution Add the new interface to t
Page 269 and 270: While this does what you want, it m
Page 271 and 272: When a single routing protocol prov
Page 273 and 274: IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
Page 275 and 276: 8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
Page 277 and 278: oute is learned from a dynamic rout
Page 279 and 280: } } family iso { address 49.0020.19
Page 281 and 282: 8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
Page 283 and 284: 8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
Page 285 and 286: ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
Page 287 and 288: The actual forwarding tables that t
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Page 291: Attacker A B Target Real source add
Page 295 and 296: Solution Create a routing policy th
Page 297 and 298: Discussion Martian addresses are pr
Page 299 and 300: Solution After configuring both OSP
Page 301 and 302: To verify the preference change, lo
Page 303 and 304: Peer supports Refresh capability (2
Page 305 and 306: This recipe shows how to enable gra
Page 307 and 308: Because the policy and filter condi
Page 309 and 310: then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
Page 311 and 312: The first command in the recipe def
Page 313 and 314: [edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
Page 315 and 316: Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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Page 319 and 320: aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
Page 321 and 322: See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
Page 323 and 324: the community string from the route
Page 325 and 326: used to verify that the router is m
Page 327 and 328: } } Discussion } } Placing firewall
Page 329 and 330: Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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Page 337 and 338: Firewall filter terms are evaluated
Page 339 and 340: 9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
Page 537 and 538:
Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
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emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
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You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
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JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
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Now check the RP status on the rout
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Also, make sure that the router’s
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Check to see which RPs the various
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The anycast PIM configuration is qu
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Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626:
The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628:
Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
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IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
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Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
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The full RIB group configuration lo
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} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
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Upstream interface: local Upstream
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The first entry is for the source i
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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The command in this recipe is a sim
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adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
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BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
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dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
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firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
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IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663:
Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
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O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
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plain-text passwords (continued) JU
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RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
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outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675:
set route-filter command, 296 set r
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show ospf interface command, 386, 3
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ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
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tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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