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Two terms accept traffic from the network’s NTP servers and from ICMP: [edit firewall filter protect-RE] aviva@RouterF# edit term allow-ntp [edit firewall filter protect-RE term allow-ntp] aviva@RouterF# set from source-address 10.10.0.1/32 aviva@RouterF# set from source-address 10.10.5.1/32 aviva@RouterF# set from port ntp aviva@RouterF# set then accept aviva@RouterF# up [edit firewall filter protect-RE] aviva@RouterF# edit term allow-icmp [edit firewall filter protect-RE term allow-icmp] aviva@RouterF# set from protocol icmp aviva@RouterF# set from icmp-type [ echo-request echo-reply unreachable time-exceeded source-quench ] aviva@RouterF# set then accept The last term explicitly rejects all other traffic: [edit firewall filter protect-RE] aviva@RouterF# edit term allow-nothing-else [edit firewall filter protect-RE term allow-nothing-else] aviva@RouterF# set then count reject-counter aviva@RouterF# set then log aviva@RouterF# set then syslog aviva@RouterF# set then reject Create a system logfile for the messages that will be generated by the set then syslog command: [edit system syslog] aviva@RouterF# set file messages firewall any Finally, apply the filter to the router’s loopback interface: [edit interfaces lo0] aviva@RouterF# set unit 0 family inet filter input protect-RE <strong>Discussion</strong> This recipe illustrates the second broad firewall filter design philosophy mentioned in Recipe 9.11—that of creating a filter that allows only the desired traffic and blocks everything else. This design requires more planning than the reverse strategy of blocking traffic that the router should not receive first and then allowing everything else, but it ensures maximum security. You need to spend time up front looking at your network and router configurations and analyzing the flow of traffic through your network to determine the types of traffic the router should expect to receive and the addresses and ports from which it should receive the traffic. Another factor working in favor of improving the security of this design is that, by default, if a packet does not match any term in a firewall filter, it is discarded. This “allow known, block everything else” design is good practice for protecting the router’s Routing Engine. Because the JUNOS routing-protocol software runs on the 322 | Chapter 9: Routing Policy and Firewall Filters This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Routing Engine, you want to make sure that all the traffic it receives is from known and trusted sources. This recipe is for a router running the routing protocols BGP and OSPF. The router can be accessed by SSH and Telnet, and by DNS, RADIUS, and NMS servers. The firewall filter has a term that handles each type of protocol traffic. A design decision you have to make is the order of the terms in the filter. As with routing policy, the terms in the firewall filter are evaluated in the order in which they appear in the configuration, so the placement affects the efficiency of the filter. You need to decide which packet-filtering operations need to be performed quickly and which are not so time-critical. Generally, protocol packets and possibly address resolution should be handled quickly so that the actual process of routing traffic occurs efficiently. The terms for other less important or background tasks, such as user connections to the router and SNMP polling, are placed towards the end of the filter. The first terms in this firewall filter accept BGP and OSPF protocol traffic. The AS has two subnetworks, 10.0.8.0/24 and 10.0.13.0/24, so the filter allows protocol traffic only from these specific addresses. For OSPF, we can match on the protocol, but there is no BGP protocol option, so you need to match packets destined for a BGP port. The third term accepts TCP traffic. Because BGP runs over TCP, this term ensures that TCP connections can be set up. The term dns-servers filters DNS traffic for resolving hostnames and addresses. DNS runs over UDP and uses the domain source port, and the filter uses this information to identify DNS traffic. DNS traffic can come from any server on the 10.0.0.0/8 subnetwork. The terms radius and ssh-telnet accept traffic from the network’s RADIUS servers and from SSH and Telnet connections. Both these filters identify packets by looking at their destination port. The RADIUS servers are on two subnetworks, 10.1.0.1/32 and 10.3.0.1/32, and SSH and Telnet sessions are allowed on the 10.0.8.0/24 and 10.0.13.0/24 subnetworks. The terms xnm-from-nms and allow-snmp-from-nms allow the network’s two management systems, 10.0.0.1/32 and 10.0.5.1/32, to access the router. These two servers are both running JUNOScript software, which establishes TCP-based SSL connections to the router, and SNMP. The xnm-from-nms term accepts SSL connections from the JUNOScript software, and the second term accepts SNMP queries. The final term in the filter, allow-nothing-else, drops all other packets. In this case, we want to know how many packets are dropped, so nonmatching packets are counted in the counter named reject-counter. The set then log command logs these packets to the firewall counter, and the set then syslog command logs them to a system logfile. The recipe configures the system logfile messages to contain the system log messages, using the firewall facility to capture firewall-related messages. Use the show firewall log command to see how many packets are being rejected or look in the logfile with the show low messages command. You can also look in the file Protecting the Local Routing Engine | 323 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
Page 295 and 296: Solution Create a routing policy th
Page 297 and 298: Discussion Martian addresses are pr
Page 299 and 300: Solution After configuring both OSP
Page 301 and 302: To verify the preference change, lo
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Page 305 and 306: This recipe shows how to enable gra
Page 307 and 308: Because the policy and filter condi
Page 309 and 310: then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
Page 311 and 312: The first command in the recipe def
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Page 315 and 316: Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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Page 319 and 320: aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
Page 321 and 322: See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
Page 323 and 324: the community string from the route
Page 325 and 326: used to verify that the router is m
Page 327 and 328: } } Discussion } } Placing firewall
Page 329 and 330: Table 9-5. Header match conditions
Page 331 and 332: counterintuitive. However, understa
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Page 335 and 336: protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
Page 337 and 338: Firewall filter terms are evaluated
Page 339 and 340: 9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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Page 343 and 344: which traffic is more important and
Page 345: The next term allows TCP traffic: [
Page 349 and 350: from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
Page 351 and 352: 9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
Page 353 and 354: list of IP addresses in one place i
Page 355 and 356: lished TCP connections and you sudd
Page 357 and 358: By default, the JUNOS software impl
Page 359 and 360: } } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
Page 361 and 362: 10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
Page 363 and 364: The routing policy you set up is a
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Page 369 and 370: 10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
Page 371 and 372: Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
Page 373 and 374: Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
Page 375 and 376: oundary. This means that the IS-IS
Page 377 and 378: might be useful when migrating two
Page 379 and 380: Interface System L State Hold (secs
Page 381 and 382: RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
Page 383 and 384: The next four lines show the IP pre
Page 385 and 386: configuring the preference statemen
Page 387 and 388: 11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
Page 389 and 390: 11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
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Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
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emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604:
You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
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JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
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Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618:
Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622:
The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624:
Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626:
The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628:
Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630:
IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
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Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636:
The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638:
} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640:
Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642:
The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645:
The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649:
adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
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BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
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IP multicast (continued) limiting g
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Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
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O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
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plain-text passwords (continued) JU
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RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
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outing tables (continued) checking
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set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677:
show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679:
ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681:
tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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