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the CLI (on the router) or by using any ASCII text editor (on a server). From J-Web, the configuration is saved in an ASCII file that you can read using J-Web, the CLI, or an ASCII text editor. JUNOS CLI Modes Throughout this book, we’ll show you how to use the JUNOS CLI to configure and monitor the router. While it is beyond the scope of this book to describe the design of the CLI and all its capabilities, this section gives an overview of the CLI modes and describes a few of the basic features. Throughout the rest of this chapter, we’ll give more examples of CLI features. For complete information about the JUNOS CLI, refer to the JUNOS product documentation on the Juniper Networks web site, http://www.juniper.net/techpubs. The underlying operating system for the JUNOS software is FreeBSD. As we talk about the various CLI commands, if a command is derived from FreeBSD or a standard Unix utility, or is simply the FreeBSD or Unix command packaged with a JUNOS name, we will mention the command it is based on. If you are already familiar with the FreeBSD or Unix equivalent, this will help you understand the JUNOS command. The CLI has two modes: operational mode and configuration mode. Both modes have distinct commands. In operational mode, you monitor everything about the router’s hardware and software and check on network operation. In configuration mode, the commands let you define the behavior of the router, such as indicating what network addresses to use and protocols to run. It is important for you to understand the differences between these two modes, what types of actions you can take in which mode, and how to keep track of which mode you are working in. Throughout the rest of this book, we’ll show you how to work in both modes as you configure the router and verify its operation. On the router, you can identify which mode you are in by looking at the CLI prompt. The base prompt has the format username@router-name. When you are in operational mode, the prompt ends with a >; when you are in configuration mode, the prompt ends with a #. We follow this same convention throughout this book, so by paying attention to the prompt that precedes each command, you can determine whether you issue the command in operational or configuration mode. When you first log in to a JUNOS router, you are in operational mode. The commands available in operational mode let you monitor router and network operations. For example, you can get information about the router’s hardware and software, the network traffic that is coming to the router, and configured routing protocols. Throughout this book, we’ll show you how to use operational mode commands to check what is happening on the router. 2 | Chapter 1: Router Configuration and File Management This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
You can use a number of operational mode commands, grouped together into related commands, to monitor your router and network. On the router, you can find out what the commands are by typing a question mark (?) to activate the online help. If you type a ? at the top level of operational mode, you see the broad types of commands you can use to monitor the router and perform operations not related to configuring the router: aviva@router1> ? Possible completions: clear configure file help monitor mtrace ping quit request restart set show ssh start telnet test traceroute Clear information in the system Manipulate software configuration information Perform file operations Provide help information Show real-time debugging information Trace multicast path from source to receiver Ping remote target Exit the management session Make system-level requests Restart software process Set CLI properties, date/time, craft interface message Show system information Start secure shell on another host Start shell Telnet to another host Perform diagnostic debugging Trace route to remote host For example, you use the various show commands to display information about the router, router interfaces, and protocol software, and you use the various request commands to perform operations on the router, such as rebooting and downloading and installing software upgrades. Two commands in operational mode are not designed to monitor the router or the network: quit Use to log out of the CLI and the router configure Use to enter configuration mode so you can configure the router When you enter configuration mode, the prompt changes from username@routername> to username@router-name#, and a line before the prompt, [edit], indicates that you are in configuration mode. Specifically, [edit] indicates that you are at the top of the configuration hierarchy, which is similar to being at the top of a Unix filesystem (/). A synonym for the configure command is edit. (edit is a hidden command, so you won’t see it in the list of possible completions.) This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction | 3
Page 3 and 4: JUNOS Cookbook
Page 5 and 6: JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
Page 9 and 10: 3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: 8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
Page 13 and 14: 13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
Page 15 and 16: Foreword The early days at Juniper
Page 17 and 18: Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
Page 19 and 20: Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
Page 21 and 22: Organization As the name suggests,
Page 23 and 24: Constant width Used for code sectio
Page 25: Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
Page 29 and 30: The show command displays the items
Page 31 and 32: Each listed completion is the confi
Page 33 and 34: command on the left side of the pip
Page 35 and 36: The > tells you that you are in ope
Page 37 and 38: } } } root@# commit root@router1# e
Page 39 and 40: For the initial router configuratio
Page 41 and 42: At this point in configuring the ro
Page 43 and 44: 1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
Page 45 and 46: Discussion It is generally good pra
Page 47 and 48: is often the first thing to check w
Page 49 and 50: In this example, the error is in th
Page 51 and 52: To track down what changed in the c
Page 53 and 54: Solution Use the following command
Page 55 and 56: login { class superuser-local { per
Page 57 and 58: If PIM is not yet configured, merge
Page 59 and 60: You can also save it to a file in y
Page 61 and 62: These files are also compressed. av
Page 63 and 64: You see that the running configurat
Page 65 and 66: Solution The rollback configuration
Page 67 and 68: See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
Page 69 and 70: ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
Page 71 and 72: J-series filesystems on a device co
Page 73 and 74: 1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
Page 75 and 76: Use the request system software add
Page 77 and 78:
support site (http://www.juniper.ne
Page 79 and 80:
JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
Page 81 and 82:
Some of the main processes are MGD,
Page 83 and 84:
switching board (the SSB), and two
Page 85 and 86:
1.28 Gathering Information Before C
Page 87 and 88:
The apply-groups statement causes t
Page 89 and 90:
} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
Page 91 and 92:
The commit synchronize command comm
Page 93 and 94:
modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
Page 95 and 96:
At this point, you can also upgrade
Page 97 and 98:
lets them gain access to the router
Page 99 and 100:
client/server systems—the RADIUS
Page 101 and 102:
You need to enable FTP only if you
Page 103 and 104:
use of the root account. Logging in
Page 105 and 106:
A slight twist to this recipe is to
Page 107 and 108:
Also, you will not be able to commi
Page 109 and 110:
Solution Set all plain-text passwor
Page 111 and 112:
Discussion When you want users to b
Page 113 and 114:
individual user accounts with passw
Page 115 and 116:
ead-only Can perform all actions in
Page 117 and 118:
If you try to enter a command that
Page 119 and 120:
aviva@router1# set class operator-p
Page 121 and 122:
If you use a centralized server, it
Page 123 and 124:
aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
Page 125 and 126:
statement in the configuration, whi
Page 127 and 128:
een idle, and what they are doing.
Page 129 and 130:
Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
Page 131 and 132:
Encryption, which is the encoding o
Page 133 and 134:
networks, it does not scale well. A
Page 135 and 136:
} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
Page 137 and 138:
have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
Page 139 and 140:
Here’s what the relevant portions
Page 141 and 142:
Finally, configure the domain’s I
Page 143 and 144:
Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
Page 147 and 148:
Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
Page 149 and 150:
Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
Page 151 and 152:
Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
Page 157 and 158:
Juniper Networks provides several d
Page 159 and 160:
4.2 Setting Router Information for
Page 161 and 162:
Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
Page 163 and 164:
Solution You can add a term to the
Page 165 and 166:
You might want to give access to al
Page 167 and 168:
aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
Page 173 and 174:
Table 4-2. System logging severity
Page 175 and 176:
Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
Page 177 and 178:
See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
Page 179 and 180:
nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
Page 181 and 182:
Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
Page 183 and 184:
Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
Page 193 and 194:
Discussion The default maximum size
Page 195 and 196:
no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
Page 201 and 202:
Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
Page 203 and 204:
The traceoption flags indicate the
Page 205 and 206:
Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
Page 207 and 208:
6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
Page 211 and 212:
You can also have all the routers s
Page 213 and 214:
6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
Page 215 and 216:
Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
Page 217 and 218:
under the name of the interface and
Page 219 and 220:
Solution Use the show interfaces co
Page 221 and 222:
the physical interface. It allows y
Page 223 and 224:
Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
Page 227 and 228:
Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
Page 229 and 230:
1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
Page 231 and 232:
To remove an extra IP address, use
Page 233 and 234:
Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
Page 239 and 240:
On an M-series or a T-series router
Page 241 and 242:
You can confirm the presence of the
Page 243 and 244:
Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
Page 245 and 246:
Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
Page 253 and 254:
7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
Page 255 and 256:
You can configure an error rate to
Page 257 and 258:
Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
Page 259 and 260:
SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
Page 261 and 262:
Use the show aps command to check t
Page 263 and 264:
type of ATM PIC, the configuration
Page 265 and 266:
gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
Page 267 and 268:
Solution Add the new interface to t
Page 269 and 270:
While this does what you want, it m
Page 271 and 272:
When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
Page 283 and 284:
8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
Page 285 and 286:
ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
Page 287 and 288:
The actual forwarding tables that t
Page 289 and 290:
and the traffic to these networks i
Page 291 and 292:
Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
Page 295 and 296:
Solution Create a routing policy th
Page 297 and 298:
Discussion Martian addresses are pr
Page 299 and 300:
Solution After configuring both OSP
Page 301 and 302:
To verify the preference change, lo
Page 303 and 304:
Peer supports Refresh capability (2
Page 305 and 306:
This recipe shows how to enable gra
Page 307 and 308:
Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
Page 311 and 312:
The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
Page 315 and 316:
Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
Page 323 and 324:
the community string from the route
Page 325 and 326:
used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
Page 329 and 330:
Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
Page 335 and 336:
protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
Page 339 and 340:
9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
Page 341 and 342:
04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
Page 343 and 344:
which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
Page 351 and 352:
9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
Page 355 and 356:
lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
Page 375 and 376:
oundary. This means that the IS-IS
Page 377 and 378:
might be useful when migrating two
Page 379 and 380:
Interface System L State Hold (secs
Page 381 and 382:
RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
Page 389 and 390:
11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
Page 393 and 394:
} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
Page 401 and 402:
11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
Page 403 and 404:
11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
Page 405 and 406:
Using some of the other flags, you
Page 407 and 408:
OSPF views routers as nodes, which
Page 409 and 410:
Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
Page 411 and 412:
Another common problem in establish
Page 413 and 414:
The route entries starting with [OS
Page 415 and 416:
entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
Page 419 and 420:
Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
Page 431 and 432:
With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
Page 435 and 436:
This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
Page 447 and 448:
Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
Page 451 and 452:
Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
Page 469 and 470:
13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
Page 471 and 472:
Translated, this match looks for fo
Page 473 and 474:
Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
Page 477 and 478:
oute reflector system has a set of
Page 479 and 480:
10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
Page 485 and 486:
Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
Page 489 and 490:
See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
Page 491 and 492:
You see that the route to 192.168.1
Page 493 and 494:
When setting up policies, also crea
Page 495 and 496:
} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
Page 497 and 498:
Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
Page 501 and 502:
BGP establishes the connection, fro
Page 503 and 504:
Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
Page 505 and 506:
Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
Page 507 and 508:
RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
Page 509 and 510:
The main difference between LDP and
Page 511 and 512:
family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
Page 513 and 514:
Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
Page 515 and 516:
The first line of the output shows
Page 517 and 518:
aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
Page 521 and 522:
aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
Page 525 and 526:
Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
Page 527 and 528:
aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
Page 537 and 538:
Solution On the ingress router, loo
Page 539 and 540:
for LSP signaling. On the egress an
Page 541 and 542:
Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
Page 545 and 546:
14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
Page 547 and 548:
RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
Page 549 and 550:
The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
Page 551 and 552:
However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
Page 559 and 560:
14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
Page 563 and 564:
To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
Page 571 and 572:
10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
Page 579 and 580:
VPN, and routes announced by a remo
Page 581 and 582:
The third and final step is to conf
Page 583 and 584:
One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
Page 589 and 590:
1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
Page 593 and 594:
emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
Page 597 and 598:
The VPN2 routing table also knows n
Page 599 and 600:
Just to make sure that prefixes are
Page 601 and 602:
Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604:
You administratively configure the
Page 605 and 606:
10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
Page 607 and 608:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 609 and 610:
Again, verify the configured group
Page 611 and 612:
willing to be an RP send RP Announc
Page 613 and 614:
JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
Page 615 and 616:
Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618:
Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622:
The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624:
Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626:
The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628:
Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630:
IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634:
Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636:
The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638:
} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640:
Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642:
The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645:
The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649:
adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651:
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661:
IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663:
Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667:
O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
Page 668 and 669:
plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671:
RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673:
outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675:
set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677:
show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679:
ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681:
tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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