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Because IS-IS was developed as part of the OSI network protocols, not as part of TCP/IP, it uses a different network-addressing scheme. Instead of the IP 32-bit addresses, IS-IS addresses, called network entity titles (NETs), are generally 10 bytes long (they can be from 8 to 20 bytes long) and are written as shown in the following example: 49.0001.1921.6801.9001.00 The first three bytes of the address (here, 49.0001) form the area identifier, or area ID. The area ID can be up to 13 bytes long. The first byte of the area ID is the address family identifier (AFI) of the authority, which is the space assigned to a particular enterprise (equivalent to an IP address space that is assigned to an enterprise). The value of 49 is the well-known AFI used for private addressing, which is the equivalent of RFC 1918 addressing for IP protocols. The last two bytes in the area ID identify an IS-IS area within the AS, here 0001, or area 1. The next six bytes (here, 1921.6801.9001) are the system identifier, which identifies each node (router) on the network. Although IS-IS supports a variable-length system field, in practice this field is always six bytes. The method of allocating system identifiers is up to the network designer. One of the simpler methods, and the one used in this chapter, is binary-coded decimal (BCD), which takes the router’s IP address (the lo0 address), fills in all the leading zeros, and repositions the decimal points to form three two-byte numbers. Here, the router’s lo0 address is 192.168.19.1. Adding the leading zeros gives 192.168.019.001, and rearranging the decimal points gives 1921.6801.9001. A second common method is to use the router’s media access control (MAC) address, regrouping the six-byte address into three groups. For a router with a MAC address of 00:05:85:c2:2e:d0, the system identifier would be 0005.85c2.2ed0. (To see the router’s MAC address, use the show chassis macaddress command.) The final two bytes of the NET are the NET selector (NSEL) and, for IS-IS, they must always be zero to indicate “this system.” IS-IS divides each AS into one or more smaller segments called areas. Each area is a set of networks and hosts that are administratively grouped together. Routers within an area run the link-state algorithm in parallel and store the results in their link-state databases. They share this information with each other by exchanging LSPs and thus have identical link-state databases. They can also inject a summary of that area’s routes into other areas. Routers within an IS-IS area are divided into two types. Level 1 systems route within an area, and Level 2 systems route between areas and toward other ASs. When a Level 1 router needs to route a packet to a destination outside its area, it sends the packet toward a Level 2 system. Systems that run both Level 1 and Level 2 are similar to OSPF area border routers (ABRs). One difference between IS-IS and OSPF is that an IS-IS router resides completely within an area, and the area borders are on the links; while with OSPF, the ABR is a router that connects to all the areas on its 350 | Chapter 11: IS-IS This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
oundary. This means that the IS-IS Level 2 systems have to maintain only two link-state databases, one for the Level 1 area and the second for the Level 2 area, as compared to the OSPF ABR, which maintains a link-state database for each connected area. On broadcast, multiaccess networks, IS-IS elects a designated intermediate system (DIS), also referred to as a designated router (DR), which advertises links to all routers in the level. IS-IS elects a separate DIS for Level 1 and Level 2 areas (although they could be on the same router). DIS election is based on priority, which is a number between 0 and 127, with the router with the highest value becoming the DIS. IS-IS does not have a backup designated router. For more background information about IS-IS, see The Complete IS-IS Routing Protocol (Springer) and OSPF and IS-IS: A Comparative Anatomy (http://www.nanog.org/ mtg-0006/katz.html). 11.1 Configuring IS-IS Problem You want to configure IS-IS on a JUNOS router. Solution There are three steps to setting up IS-IS. First, define the interfaces on which IS-IS will run and the levels to which the interfaces will be attached: [edit protocols isis] aviva@RouterG# set interface fe-0/0/1 aviva@RouterG# set interface fe-1/0/0 level 2 disable aviva@RouterG# set interface lo0.0 Second, enable the ISO protocol family on the interfaces: [edit interfaces] aviva@RouterG# set fe-0/0/1 unit 0 family iso aviva@RouterG# set fe-1/0/0 unit 0 family iso Finally, configure a NET on the lo0 interface: [edit interfaces] aviva@RouterG# set lo0 unit 0 family iso address 49.0020.1921.6801.9001.00 <strong>Discussion</strong> The basic setup to get IS-IS up and running on your router is straightforward. Enable the protocol on all router interfaces that will participate in the IS-IS domain and specify the level at which they should run. This recipe configures the IS-IS on the router topology shown in Figure 11-1. Here, because interface fe-0/0/1 is a border This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Configuring IS-IS | 351
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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Page 327 and 328: } } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Page 337 and 338: Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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Page 343 and 344: which traffic is more important and
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Page 351 and 352: 9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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Page 355 and 356: lished TCP connections and you sudd
Page 357 and 358: By default, the JUNOS software impl
Page 359 and 360: } } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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Page 373: Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
Page 377 and 378: might be useful when migrating two
Page 379 and 380: Interface System L State Hold (secs
Page 381 and 382: RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
Page 383 and 384: The next four lines show the IP pre
Page 385 and 386: configuring the preference statemen
Page 387 and 388: 11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
Page 389 and 390: 11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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Page 401 and 402: 11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
Page 403 and 404: 11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
Page 405 and 406: Using some of the other flags, you
Page 407 and 408: OSPF views routers as nodes, which
Page 409 and 410: Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
Page 411 and 412: Another common problem in establish
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Page 415 and 416: entries that originated from the lo
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Page 419 and 420: Checking on RouterA at the other en
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
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Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
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Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
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emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
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You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
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JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
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Now check the RP status on the rout
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Also, make sure that the router’s
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Check to see which RPs the various
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The anycast PIM configuration is qu
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Solution Specify the group address
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The interfaces toward the multicast
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Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
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IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
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If you are not sure that the domain
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Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
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The full RIB group configuration lo
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} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
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Upstream interface: local Upstream
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The first entry is for the source i
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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The command in this recipe is a sim
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adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
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BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
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configure command (continued) exclu
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dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
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firewall filters (continued) loggin
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IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
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IP multicast (continued) limiting g
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Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
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martian addresses/prefixes (continu
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O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
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plain-text passwords (continued) JU
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RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
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outing tables (continued) checking
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set route-filter command, 296 set r
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show ospf interface command, 386, 3
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ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
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tracing (trace logging) (continued)
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About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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