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dotted quad notation, 248 down arrow, 9 DR (designated router) broadcast networks and, 351 configuring IS-IS, 353 configuring PIM-SM, 580 controlling DIS election, 365, 366 IP multicast and, 577 Join messages and, 577 OSPF and, 383, 386, 387, 394, 414 DRAM size (memory), 146 drive names, finding, 45 DSA (SSH Version 2), 75, 84 DVMRP (Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol), 179, 285, 578, 579 dynamic SAs AS PICs and, 116–120 configuring, 111–115 digital certificates and, 121–127 IKE and, 107 IPSec and, 109 E EBGP (external BGP) adding BGP community, 465–469 advertising and, 419 authenticating BGP peers, 450, 451 BGP sessions, 423–424, 428 BGP traffic problems, 478 CE routers and, 570, 571 configuring, 437 connecting PIM-SM domains, 607–612 defined, 419 filtering long prefixes, 293 filtering routes by AS paths, 448 filtering traffic, 312 load balancing traffic, 471, 473 LOCAL_PREF attribute and, 440 NEXT_HOP attribute and, 439 prepending AS numbers to path, 443 removing private AS numbers, 442 restricting advertised routes, 449 route flap damping, 459, 461 routing policies, 288, 293 setting up route reflectors, 453, 456 unallocated prefix blocks, 296 EBGP multihop, 419 edit command configure command and, 3 copying text from terminal windows, 33 depicted, 11 exiting configuration mode, 25 functionality, 4, 6 edit filter command, 283 edit policy-statement command, 283 EGPs (exterior gateway protocols) AS and, 418 IP routing and, 247 IS-IS and, 349 OSPF and, 382 egress routers configuring interfaces, 490 defined, 480 fast reroute and, 529 FECs and, 491 MD5 authentication, 498 Path message, 484 ping command and, 492 protecting LSP paths, 521–528 routing tables, 515 turning on MPLS, 486 verifying packet labels, 518 emergency boot disk, 52–53 encapsulation Ethernet interfaces, 197, 220 Frame Relay, 231 GRE, 217 IP-IP, 217 PIM de-encapsulation, 242, 588 PIM encapsulation, 242, 588 PIM pd- interfaces, 242, 588 PIM pe- interfaces, 242, 588 PIM Register messages, 580, 588 Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP), 106, 107, 109 encryption authenticating BGP peers, 451 FTP connections and, 50 hiding passwords with, 95 IPSec and, 106, 107 IS-IS authentication, 367 NTP authentication and, 188 OSPF authentication and, 403 passwords and, 74, 75, 84, 499 plain-text passwords and, 85, 86 private keys and, 123 RIP and, 342 show command and, 78 SNMP and, 133 end systems, 349 enterprise-specific traps logging, 148, 149 setting up, 136, 137 630 | Index This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
equals sign (=), 174 ERO (Explicit Route Object), 484 ES PICs, 107, 108 Esc-b keystroke sequence, 9, 289 Esc-backspace keystroke sequence, 9 Esc-d keystroke sequence, 9 Esc-f keystroke sequence, 9 ESF (extended super frame) mode, 226 ESP (Encapsulation Security Payload), 106, 107, 109 Established state (BGP), 477 /etc/syslog.conf file, 175 Ethernet interfaces configuring, 217–220 link aggregation, 222–224 RIP traffic and, 343 VRRP and, 221–222 events remote monitoring, 151 setting traps, 136 eventTable object, 152 except keyword, 308, 309 exclusive access, router configuration, 17–18 exit command, 25 exit configuration-mode command, 26 Explicit Route Object (ERO), 484 extended super frame (ESF) mode, 226 exterior gateway protocols (see EGPs) external BGP (see EBGP) external type action (BGP), 291 F facilities defined, 162 including in messages, 167, 168 limiting messages collected, 167 fail-filter option (rpf-check), 268 failover auto-RP and, 586 redundant Routing Engines, 69 “false tickers”, 187 Fast Ethernet interface activating, 217 IP routing, 248 IS-IS and, 353 link aggregation, 223 OSPF and, 392, 408 primary and preferred addresses, 211 reference bandwidth and, 375 RIP and, 334 viewing status, 195–197 viewing traffic statistics, 199, 200 fast reroute, 528–534 FCS (frame checksum size), 226, 234 FECs (forwarding equivalence classes) defined, 484 label-switched paths and, 491 routing tables and, 494, 496 TCP connections and, 501 FIB (forwarding information base), 247 field-replaceable units (FRUs), 59, 142–144 figure of merit, 458, 459, 462 file command, 3 file copy command, 29 file delete command, 380, 415 file list command, 47 file list detail command, 38, 41, 166 file management backing up filesystems, 43–48 restoring backed-up filesystems, 48 file show command, 35 files copying from servers, 28–31 copying via FTP, 76 SSH and encryption, 50 filesystems backing up, 43–48 branches and, 130 emergency boot disks, 52–53 restoring backed-up, 48 SMIs and, 130 time/date, 182 filters based on AS paths, 445–448 bogons and, 467 bootstrap messages, 591, 592 IP addresses and, 175 source address, 197 unicast reverse-path forwarding, 266–269 VPNs and, 555 (see also firewall filters) FIN packets, 330 firewall facility, 163, 174, 318, 323 FIREWALL facility code, 163 firewall filters checking counts, 269 counting traffic, 315, 316, 329–331 default action, 306 DoS attacks and, 268 dynamic SAs and, 112, 113 filtering traffic, 311–314 IP addresses and, 291, 293 IPSec and, 108, 109, 114 limiting interface traffic, 318–320 Index | 631 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
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This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
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Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
Page 507 and 508:
RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
Page 513 and 514:
Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
Page 525 and 526:
Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
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10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
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Solution On the ingress router, loo
Page 539 and 540:
for LSP signaling. On the egress an
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Discussion There are several ways t
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14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
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14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
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RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
Page 559 and 560:
14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
Page 563 and 564:
To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
Page 579 and 580:
VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
Page 593 and 594:
emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604: You administratively configure the
Page 605 and 606: 10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
Page 607 and 608: IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 609 and 610: Again, verify the configured group
Page 611 and 612: willing to be an RP send RP Announc
Page 613 and 614: JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
Page 615 and 616: Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618: Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620: Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622: The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624: Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626: The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628: Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630: IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632: If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634: Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636: The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638: } address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640: Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642: The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644: IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645: The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649: adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651: BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653: configure command (continued) exclu
Page 656 and 657: firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659: IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661: IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663: Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665: martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667: O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
Page 668 and 669: plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671: RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673: outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675: set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677: show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679: ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681: tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683: About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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