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Task: BGP_65505.192.168.1.1+3718 Announcement bits (6): 0-KRT 1-RT 5-KRT 6-BGP.0.0.0.0+179 7-Resolve tree 3 8-Resolve tree 4 AS path: (65505) 65510 65520 ? (Atomic) Aggregator: 2468 192.168.246.3 Communities: 65500:390 65500:2400 65505:3400 Localpref: 100 Router ID: 192.168.16.5 BGP Preference: 170/-101 Next-hop reference count: 12709 Source: 192.168.1.3 Next hop: 192.168.1.3 via ge-1/1/0.0, selected Protocol next hop: 192.168.1.3 Indirect next hop: 24479700 524586 State: Inactive reason: Router ID Local AS: 65000 Peer AS: 65505 Age: 3w4d 5:08:54 Metric: 0 Metric2: 0 Task: BGP_65505.192.168.1.3+179 AS path: (65505) 65510 65520 ? (Atomic) Aggregator: 2468 192.168.246.3 Communities: 65500:390 65500:2400 65505:3400 Localpref: 100 Router ID: 192.168.1.6 The Source field shows the router from which the path was learned. The first path is learned from Router3 (192.168.1.1) and the second is from Router4 (192.168.1.3). The Next hop field repeats the information in the standard show route output, showing the next-hop IP address and the interface toward the destination. The Protocol next hop field is the next-hop information that BGP learned from its peers. Because BGP learns only about routers in the network, not in the interface, this IP address is listed without a corresponding interface on the local router. The indirect next hop is an internal RPD address of the next hop. The second number in this field is the kernel’s index of the indirect next hop. You will see this index when you look at the contents of the forwarding table. The State field gives additional information about the path. For the first path to 172.168.14.0/24, this field shows that the path is active. For the second path, this field lists the path as an alternate (NotBest) and indicates that it was not chosen as the active path because it does not have the lowest router ID: State: Inactive reason: Router ID Both next hops are installed in the Routing Engine’s forwarding table: aviva@Router1> show route forwarding-table destination 172.16.14.0/24 Routing table: inet Internet: Destination Type RtRef Next hop Type Index NhRef Netif 172.16.14.0/24 user 0 ulst 526570 3545 indr 524714 523 192.168.1.1 ucst 336 17 ge-0/1/0.0 indr 524586 1864 192.168.1.3 ucst 340 13 ge-1/1/0.0 474 | Chapter 13: BGP This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
This forwarding table is then copied to the PFE’s forwarding table: aviva@Router1> show pfe route ip prefix 172.16.14.0/24 Slot 0 IPv4 Route Table 0, default.0, 0x0: Destination NH IP Addr Type NH ID Interface --------------------------------- --------------- -------- ----- --------- 172.16.14/24 Unilist 526570 ge-0/1/0.0 Slot 1 IPv4 Route Table 0, default.0, 0x0: Destination NH IP Addr Type NH ID Interface --------------------------------- --------------- -------- ----- --------- 172.16.14/24 Unilist 526570 ge-0/1/0.0 Both the routes are of type Unilist, which means that they are in the list of unicast next hops maintained by the Packet Forwarding Engine. The NH ID field shows the kernel’s index of the indirect next hop, which matches what you saw in the show route detail output. Even though multipath BGP selects multiple paths for forwarding and installs two paths in the forwarding table, BGP advertises only one path to its peers, which is the best path toward the destination. This is the same path that BGP would advertise if BGP load balancing were not configured. You can also use multipath BGP across IBGP peerings. An additional restriction is that the IGP metric distance to the two IBGP peers must be identical. A scenario for doing this might be to load-balance traffic across redundant paths within a POP. See Also Recipes 8.9 and 9.1 13.15 Tracing BGP Protocol Traffic Problem You want to keep a running log of BGP protocol information so you can track any problems with your BGP peers. Solution When performing ongoing monitoring of BGP operations, set up tracing options (or traceoptions for short) to track BGP state changes globally for all BGP groups: [edit protocols bgp] aviva@RouterF# set traceoptions flag state detail aviva@RouterF# set traceoptions file bgp-trace world-readable To turn off BGP tracing, remove the traceoptions statement from the configuration: [edit protocols bgp] aviva@RouterF# delete traceoptions This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Tracing BGP Protocol Traffic | 475
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
Page 447 and 448: Then configure an EBGP session to t
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Page 451 and 452: Next is information about routes le
Page 453 and 454: Looking at the remote peer router,
Page 455 and 456: * 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
Page 457 and 458: aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
Page 459 and 460: to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
Page 461 and 462: lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
Page 463 and 464: 13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
Page 465 and 466: The first configuration in this rec
Page 467 and 468: 13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
Page 469 and 470: 13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
Page 471 and 472: Translated, this match looks for fo
Page 473 and 474: Type: External State: Established F
Page 475 and 476: This recipe configures MD5 authenti
Page 477 and 478: oute reflector system has a set of
Page 479 and 480: 10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
Page 481 and 482: AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
Page 483 and 484: figure-of-merit value correlates to
Page 485 and 486: Once the routing policy is set up,
Page 487 and 488: change, the router will unsuppress
Page 489 and 490: See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
Page 491 and 492: You see that the route to 192.168.1
Page 493 and 494: When setting up policies, also crea
Page 495 and 496: } See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
Page 497: Another restriction for multipath B
Page 501 and 502: BGP establishes the connection, fro
Page 503 and 504: Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
Page 505 and 506: Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
Page 507 and 508: RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
Page 509 and 510: The main difference between LDP and
Page 511 and 512: family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
Page 513 and 514: Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
Page 515 and 516: The first line of the output shows
Page 517 and 518: aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
Page 519 and 520: via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
Page 521 and 522: aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
Page 523 and 524: This recipe shows how to configure
Page 525 and 526: Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
Page 527 and 528: aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
Page 529 and 530: fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
Page 531 and 532: aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
Page 533 and 534: y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
Page 535 and 536: 10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
Page 537 and 538: Solution On the ingress router, loo
Page 539 and 540: for LSP signaling. On the egress an
Page 541 and 542: Discussion There are several ways t
Page 543 and 544: 14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
Page 545 and 546: 14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
Page 547 and 548: RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
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Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
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PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
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The RSVP interface status shows tha
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14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
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To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
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10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
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PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
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The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
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VPN, and routes announced by a remo
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The third and final step is to conf
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One last protocol that you need to
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All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
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emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
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The VPN2 routing table also knows n
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Just to make sure that prefixes are
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Multicast senders and receivers are
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You administratively configure the
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10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
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JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
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Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618:
Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622:
The anycast PIM configuration is qu
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Solution Specify the group address
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The interfaces toward the multicast
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Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
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IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
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Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
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The full RIB group configuration lo
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} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
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Upstream interface: local Upstream
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The first entry is for the source i
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
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The command in this recipe is a sim
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adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
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BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
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IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663:
Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667:
O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
Page 668 and 669:
plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671:
RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673:
outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675:
set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677:
show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679:
ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681:
tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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