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stops running or a network link goes down but is something you might be able to respond to and repair quickly. When this happens, the routing protocols stop sending keepalive messages to their neighbors. After a short while (the actual time depends on the protocol and how it’s configured), the neighbor will declare that the local router is down and, because the network topology has changed, will start calculating new paths to network destinations. This recalculation floods a lot of protocol traffic, which can disrupt the operation of the network. If you know that the downtime for the routing protocols will generally be brief, you really don’t want the routing protocols to recalculate paths, only to recalculate them again once the routing protocols are back up. Graceful restart is a way to hide the fact that a routing protocol has restarted and thus prevent path recalculations. With graceful restart, if the router or routing protocol has to restart, it informs its adjacent neighbors and requests a grace period from them. During this grace period, the neighbor acts as a helper, masking the fact that the local router is down. The restarting router continues to forward traffic during the restart period, and convergence in the network is not disrupted. The restart is not visible to the portion of the network that is not communicating directly with the local router. The neighboring routers are aware of the restart. Also, the restarting router is not removed from the network topology. Because the network’s topology is “frozen” during the restart period, you should use graceful restart only when you know that your topology is stable. You turn on graceful restart globally, as shown in this recipe. You generally leave graceful restart running all the time in case of an unplanned failure. The global configuration applies to all routing protocols, including BGP, IS-IS, OSPF, PIM SM, RIP, and RIPng, and to all MPLS-related protocols, including RSVP, LDP, CCC, and TCC. Configuring graceful restart is just a request. The JUNOS software honors the request only when the network topology is stable and the neighboring routers cooperate. Now you see that graceful restart settings are different for the different protocols. For BGP, use the show bgp neighbor command: aviva@RouterG> show bgp neighbor 10.0.0.2 Peer: 10.0.0.2+2098 AS 64555 Local: 10.0.0.1+179 AS 64550 Type: External State: Established Flags: Last State: OpenConfirm Last Event: RecvKeepAlive Last Error: None Options: Holdtime: 90 Preference: 170 Number of flaps: 1 Error: 'Cease' Sent: 0 Recv: 1 Peer ID: 10.0.0.1 Local ID: 192.168.19.1 Active Holdtime: 90 Keepalive Interval: 30 Peer index: 0 Local Interface: fe-1/0/1.0 NLRI for restart configured on peer: inet-unicast NLRI advertised by peer: inet-unicast NLRI for this session: inet-unicast 278 | Chapter 8: IP Routing This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peer supports Refresh capability (2) Restart time configured on the peer: 120 Stale routes from peer are kept for: 300 Restart time requested by this peer: 120 NLRI that peer supports restart for: inet-unicast NLRI peer can save forwarding state: inet-unicast NLRI that peer saved forwarding for: inet-unicast NLRI that restart is negotiated for: inet-unicast NLRI of received end-of-rib markers: inet-unicast NLRI of all end-of-rib markers sent: inet-unicast Table inet.0 Bit: 10000 RIB State: BGP restart is complete Send state: in sync Active prefixes: 0 Received prefixes: 0 Suppressed due to damping: 0 Advertised prefixes: 0 Last traffic (seconds): Received 19 Sent 19 Checked 19 Input messages: Total 3 Updates 1 Refreshes 0 Octets 97 Output messages: Total 3 Updates 0 Refreshes 0 Octets 116 The Options line shows that graceful restart is enabled. The two Restart time lines and the Stale routes line show the default graceful restart parameters. Here, the router allows a grace period of 120 seconds for a neighboring router to restart and requests a grace period of 120 seconds from its neighbors. The router will continue to advertise stale routes from the down neighbors for 300 seconds. The NLRI lines indicate which routing tables are involved in the graceful restart operation. For IS-IS, you see the graceful restart settings in the show isis adjacency detail output: aviva@RouterF> show isis adjacency detail RouterF Interface: fe-0/0/1.0, Level: 2, State: Up, Expires in 7 secs Priority: 64, Up/Down transitions: 1, Last transition: 00:01:05 ago Circuit type: 3, Speaks: IP, IPv6, MAC address: 0:5:85:c4:72:d1 Topologies: Unicast Restart capable: Yes LAN id: RouterF.02, IP addresses: 10.0.8.1 The Restart capable line indicates that graceful restart is configured. For OSPF, there is no specific command to see that graceful restart is configured. For all protocols, there are two commands that show that graceful restart is configured. The first is the show route command: aviva@RouterF> show route inet.0: 9 destinations, 9 routes (9 active, 0 holddown, 0 hidden) Restart Complete + = Active Route, - = Last Active, * = Both The Restart line at the top of the output shows that graceful restart is enabled. Configuring Routing Protocols to Restart Without Losing Adjacencies | 279 This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
Page 251 and 252: Run the loopback test, which sends
Page 253 and 254: 7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
Page 255 and 256: You can configure an error rate to
Page 257 and 258: Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
Page 259 and 260: SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
Page 261 and 262: Use the show aps command to check t
Page 263 and 264: type of ATM PIC, the configuration
Page 265 and 266: gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
Page 267 and 268: Solution Add the new interface to t
Page 269 and 270: While this does what you want, it m
Page 271 and 272: When a single routing protocol prov
Page 273 and 274: IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
Page 275 and 276: 8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
Page 277 and 278: oute is learned from a dynamic rout
Page 279 and 280: } } family iso { address 49.0020.19
Page 281 and 282: 8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
Page 283 and 284: 8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
Page 285 and 286: ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
Page 287 and 288: The actual forwarding tables that t
Page 289 and 290: and the traffic to these networks i
Page 291 and 292: Attacker A B Target Real source add
Page 293 and 294: Check the firewall filter counts wi
Page 295 and 296: Solution Create a routing policy th
Page 297 and 298: Discussion Martian addresses are pr
Page 299 and 300: Solution After configuring both OSP
Page 301: To verify the preference change, lo
Page 305 and 306: This recipe shows how to enable gra
Page 307 and 308: Because the policy and filter condi
Page 309 and 310: then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
Page 311 and 312: The first command in the recipe def
Page 313 and 314: [edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
Page 315 and 316: Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
Page 317 and 318: (called longest-match lookup), so t
Page 319 and 320: aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
Page 321 and 322: See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
Page 323 and 324: the community string from the route
Page 325 and 326: used to verify that the router is m
Page 327 and 328: } } Discussion } } Placing firewall
Page 329 and 330: Table 9-5. Header match conditions
Page 331 and 332: counterintuitive. However, understa
Page 333 and 334: protocol-except tcp; } then { count
Page 335 and 336: protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
Page 337 and 338: Firewall filter terms are evaluated
Page 339 and 340: 9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
Page 341 and 342: 04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
Page 343 and 344: which traffic is more important and
Page 345 and 346: The next term allows TCP traffic: [
Page 347 and 348: Routing Engine, you want to make su
Page 349 and 350: from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
Page 351 and 352: 9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
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Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
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11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
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11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
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Using some of the other flags, you
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OSPF views routers as nodes, which
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Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
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Another common problem in establish
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The route entries starting with [OS
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entries that originated from the lo
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OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
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Checking on RouterA at the other en
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192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
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Use the show ospf interface detail
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With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
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This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
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Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
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Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
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13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
Page 467 and 468:
13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
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Translated, this match looks for fo
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Type: External State: Established F
Page 475 and 476:
This recipe configures MD5 authenti
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oute reflector system has a set of
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10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
Page 485 and 486:
Once the routing policy is set up,
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change, the router will unsuppress
Page 489 and 490:
See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
Page 491 and 492:
You see that the route to 192.168.1
Page 493 and 494:
When setting up policies, also crea
Page 495 and 496:
} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
Page 497 and 498:
Another restriction for multipath B
Page 499 and 500:
This forwarding table is then copie
Page 501 and 502:
BGP establishes the connection, fro
Page 503 and 504:
Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
Page 505 and 506:
Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
Page 507 and 508:
RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
Page 509 and 510:
The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
Page 521 and 522:
aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
Page 523 and 524:
This recipe shows how to configure
Page 525 and 526:
Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
Page 527 and 528:
aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
Page 529 and 530:
fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
Page 531 and 532:
aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
Page 535 and 536:
10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
Page 537 and 538:
Solution On the ingress router, loo
Page 539 and 540:
for LSP signaling. On the egress an
Page 541 and 542:
Discussion There are several ways t
Page 543 and 544:
14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
Page 545 and 546:
14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
Page 547 and 548:
RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
Page 549 and 550:
The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
Page 551 and 552:
However, RSVP cannot establish the
Page 553 and 554:
Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
Page 555 and 556:
PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
Page 557 and 558:
The RSVP interface status shows tha
Page 559 and 560:
14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
Page 561 and 562:
Then examine the history of the LSP
Page 563 and 564:
To understand how preemption works,
Page 565 and 566:
10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
Page 569 and 570:
The router knows how to reach its i
Page 571 and 572:
10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
Page 573 and 574:
aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
Page 575 and 576:
PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
Page 577 and 578:
The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
Page 579 and 580:
VPN, and routes announced by a remo
Page 581 and 582:
The third and final step is to conf
Page 583 and 584:
One last protocol that you need to
Page 585 and 586:
All routes that are part of the VPN
Page 587 and 588:
--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
Page 589 and 590:
1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
Page 591 and 592:
65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
Page 593 and 594:
emains private. When configuring th
Page 595 and 596:
} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
Page 597 and 598:
The VPN2 routing table also knows n
Page 599 and 600:
Just to make sure that prefixes are
Page 601 and 602:
Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604:
You administratively configure the
Page 605 and 606:
10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
Page 607 and 608:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 609 and 610:
Again, verify the configured group
Page 611 and 612:
willing to be an RP send RP Announc
Page 613 and 614:
JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
Page 615 and 616:
Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618:
Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622:
The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624:
Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626:
The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628:
Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630:
IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634:
Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636:
The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638:
} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640:
Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642:
The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645:
The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649:
adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651:
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661:
IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663:
Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667:
O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
Page 668 and 669:
plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671:
RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673:
outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675:
set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677:
show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679:
ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681:
tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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