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Some things you see in the logfile are Hello packets sent to and received from neighbors: Jun 14 21:49:36 OSPF rcvd Hello 10.0.16.2 -> 224.0.0.5 (fe-0/0/0.0, IFL 0x42) Jun 14 21:49:36 Version 2, length 48, ID 192.168.19.1, area 0.0.0.1 Jun 14 21:49:36 checksum 0x0, authtype 0 Jun 14 21:49:36 mask 255.255.255.0, hello_ivl 10, opts 0x2, prio 128 Jun 14 21:49:36 dead_ivl 40, DR 10.0.16.1, BDR 10.0.16.2 Jun 14 21:49:36 OSPF sent Hello 10.0.16.1 -> 224.0.0.5 (fe-0/0/0.0, IFL 0x42) Jun 14 21:49:36 Version 2, length 48, ID 192.168.42.1, area 0.0.0.1 Jun 14 21:49:36 checksum 0x0, authtype 0 Jun 14 21:49:36 mask 255.255.255.0, hello_ivl 10, opts 0x2, prio 128 Jun 14 21:49:36 dead_ivl 40, DR 10.0.16.1, BDR 10.0.16.2 This log shows the values for two of the OSPF timers, the hello interval of 10 seconds (hello_ivl 10) and the dead interval of 40 seconds (dead_ivl 40), as well as the address of the DR and BDR and the priority to become the DR (128). You also see changes to the adjacency changes when neighbors come up: Jun 14 21:49:36 RPD_OSPF_NBRUP: OSPF neighbor 10.0.16.2 (fe-0/0/0.0) state changed from Loading to Full due to OSPF loading done Jun 14 21:49:36 CHANGE 10.0.0.0/24 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 2/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Jun 14 21:49:36 ADD 10.0.0.0/24 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 2/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Jun 14 21:49:36 CHANGE 10.0.1.0/24 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 2/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Jun 14 21:49:36 ADD 10.0.1.0/24 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 2/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Jun 14 21:49:36 CHANGE 10.0.2.0/24 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 4/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Jun 14 21:49:36 ADD 10.0.2.0/24 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 4/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Here are the adjacency changes when neighbors go down: Jun 14 22:00:26 RPD_OSPF_NBRDOWN: OSPF neighbor 10.0.16.2 (fe-0/0/0.0) state changed from Full to Down due to Kill all neighbors Jun 14 22:00:26 RPD_OSPF_NBRDOWN: OSPF neighbor 10.0.21.2 (se-0/0/3.0) state changed from Full to Down due to Kill all neighbors Jun 14 22:00:26 OSPF: multicast address 224.0.0.5/32, route ignored Jun 14 22:00:26 OSPF: multicast address 224.0.0.5/32, route ignored Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 10.0.0.0/24 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 2/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 10.0.1.0/24 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 2/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 10.0.2.0/24 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 4/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Jun 14 22:00:26 RELEASE 10.0.21.0/24 gw (null) OSPF pref 10/0 metric 12/0 se-0/0/3.0 Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 10.0.22.0/24 gw (null) OSPF pref 10/0 metric 24/0 se-0/0/3.0 Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.12.1/32 gw (null) OSPF pref 10/0 metric 12/0 se-0/0/3.0 414 | Chapter 12: OSPF This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1/32 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 2/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.18.1/32 gw 10.0.16.2 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 2/0 fe-0/0/0.0 Jun 14 22:00:26 rt_close: 8/11 routes proto OSPF Jun 14 22:00:26 Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 224.0.0.5/32 OSPF pref 10/0 metric 1/0 Jun 14 22:00:26 rt_close: 1/1 route proto OSPF Jun 14 22:00:26 Jun 14 22:00:26 Terminating OSPFv2 I/0 Over time, the OSPF logfiles can become very large and fill the router’s hard disk. To save a logfile for future analysis, you can copy the file to a server: aviva@RouterG> file copy /cf/var/log/ospf-log server1:ospf-log-20050614 If you no longer need the information in the file, you can delete the contents: aviva@RouterG> clear log ospf-log Deleting the file’s contents does not turn off tracing. To stop the tracing altogether, you can remove the traceoptions statement from the configuration with the delete traceoptions command or leave the statements in the configuration and simply deactivate them so that they do not take effect when you commit the configuration: [edit protocols ospf] aviva@RouterG# deactivate traceoptions To delete the logfiles and the rolled-over version of the file, use the file delete command: aviva@RouterG> file delete ospf-log* When debugging OSPF, you can set one or more of the following trace flags to capture OSPF information: [edit protocols ospf traceoptions] aviva@RouterG# set flag ? Possible completions: all Trace everything database-description Trace database description packets error Trace errored packets event Trace OSPF state machine events flooding Trace LSA flooding general Trace general events hello Trace hello packets lsa-ack Trace LSA acknowledgement packets lsa-request Trace LSA request packets lsa-update Trace LSA update packets normal Trace normal events packet-dump Dump the contents of selected packet types packets Trace all OSPF packets policy Trace policy processing This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Tracing OSPF Protocol Traffic | 415
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JUNOS Cookbook
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JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
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Table of Contents Foreword . . . .
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3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
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13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
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Foreword The early days at Juniper
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Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
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Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
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Organization As the name suggests,
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Constant width Used for code sectio
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Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
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You can use a number of operational
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The show command displays the items
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Each listed completion is the confi
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command on the left side of the pip
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The > tells you that you are in ope
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} } } root@# commit root@router1# e
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For the initial router configuratio
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At this point in configuring the ro
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1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
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Discussion It is generally good pra
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is often the first thing to check w
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In this example, the error is in th
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To track down what changed in the c
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Solution Use the following command
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login { class superuser-local { per
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If PIM is not yet configured, merge
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You can also save it to a file in y
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These files are also compressed. av
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You see that the running configurat
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Solution The rollback configuration
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See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
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ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
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J-series filesystems on a device co
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1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
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Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
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Some of the main processes are MGD,
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switching board (the SSB), and two
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1.28 Gathering Information Before C
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The apply-groups statement causes t
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} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
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The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
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lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
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You need to enable FTP only if you
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use of the root account. Logging in
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A slight twist to this recipe is to
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Also, you will not be able to commi
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Solution Set all plain-text passwor
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Discussion When you want users to b
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individual user accounts with passw
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ead-only Can perform all actions in
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If you try to enter a command that
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aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
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aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
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Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
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Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
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You might want to give access to al
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aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
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Table 4-2. System logging severity
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Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
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See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
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nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
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Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
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Finally, configure which traps the
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} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
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Solution Use the following commands
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5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
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Discussion The default maximum size
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no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
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This command causes all messages se
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Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
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Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
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the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
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Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
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You can confirm the presence of the
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Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
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7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
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7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
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You can configure an error rate to
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Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
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SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
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Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
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Solution Create a routing policy th
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Discussion Martian addresses are pr
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Solution After configuring both OSP
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To verify the preference change, lo
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Peer supports Refresh capability (2
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This recipe shows how to enable gra
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Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
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By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
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might be useful when migrating two
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Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
Page 387 and 388: 11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
Page 389 and 390: 11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
Page 391 and 392: key, or password, for each interfac
Page 393 and 394: } } from protocol static; then acce
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Page 397 and 398: RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
Page 399 and 400: Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
Page 401 and 402: 11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
Page 403 and 404: 11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
Page 405 and 406: Using some of the other flags, you
Page 407 and 408: OSPF views routers as nodes, which
Page 409 and 410: Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
Page 411 and 412: Another common problem in establish
Page 413 and 414: The route entries starting with [OS
Page 415 and 416: entries that originated from the lo
Page 417 and 418: OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
Page 419 and 420: Checking on RouterA at the other en
Page 421 and 422: 192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
Page 423 and 424: The routers in the stub area no lon
Page 425 and 426: Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
Page 427 and 428: Solution You configure MD5 authenti
Page 429 and 430: Use the show ospf interface detail
Page 431 and 432: With the default metric, traffic fr
Page 433 and 434: 12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
Page 435 and 436: This output shows two BFD sessions
Page 437: aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
Page 441 and 442: Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
Page 443 and 444: list of ASs to see whether a route
Page 445 and 446: E Route was originally learned from
Page 447 and 448: Then configure an EBGP session to t
Page 449 and 450: NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
Page 451 and 452: Next is information about routes le
Page 453 and 454: Looking at the remote peer router,
Page 455 and 456: * 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
Page 457 and 458: aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
Page 459 and 460: to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
Page 461 and 462: lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
Page 463 and 464: 13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
Page 465 and 466: The first configuration in this rec
Page 467 and 468: 13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
Page 469 and 470: 13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
Page 471 and 472: Translated, this match looks for fo
Page 473 and 474: Type: External State: Established F
Page 475 and 476: This recipe configures MD5 authenti
Page 477 and 478: oute reflector system has a set of
Page 479 and 480: 10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
Page 481 and 482: AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
Page 483 and 484: figure-of-merit value correlates to
Page 485 and 486: Once the routing policy is set up,
Page 487 and 488: change, the router will unsuppress
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See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
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You see that the route to 192.168.1
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When setting up policies, also crea
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} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
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Another restriction for multipath B
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This forwarding table is then copie
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BGP establishes the connection, fro
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Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
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Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
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RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
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The main difference between LDP and
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family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
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Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
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The first line of the output shows
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aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
Page 525 and 526:
Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
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aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
Page 535 and 536:
10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
Page 537 and 538:
Solution On the ingress router, loo
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for LSP signaling. On the egress an
Page 541 and 542:
Discussion There are several ways t
Page 543 and 544:
14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
Page 545 and 546:
14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
Page 547 and 548:
RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
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The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
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However, RSVP cannot establish the
Page 553 and 554:
Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
Page 555 and 556:
PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
Page 557 and 558:
The RSVP interface status shows tha
Page 559 and 560:
14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
Page 561 and 562:
Then examine the history of the LSP
Page 563 and 564:
To understand how preemption works,
Page 565 and 566:
10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
Page 571 and 572:
10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
Page 575 and 576:
PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
Page 577 and 578:
The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
Page 579 and 580:
VPN, and routes announced by a remo
Page 581 and 582:
The third and final step is to conf
Page 583 and 584:
One last protocol that you need to
Page 585 and 586:
All routes that are part of the VPN
Page 587 and 588:
--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
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1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
Page 593 and 594:
emains private. When configuring th
Page 595 and 596:
} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
Page 597 and 598:
The VPN2 routing table also knows n
Page 599 and 600:
Just to make sure that prefixes are
Page 601 and 602:
Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604:
You administratively configure the
Page 605 and 606:
10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 609 and 610:
Again, verify the configured group
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willing to be an RP send RP Announc
Page 613 and 614:
JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
Page 615 and 616:
Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618:
Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622:
The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624:
Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626:
The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628:
Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630:
IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634:
Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636:
The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638:
} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640:
Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642:
The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645:
The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649:
adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651:
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661:
IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663:
Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667:
O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
Page 668 and 669:
plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671:
RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673:
outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675:
set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677:
show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679:
ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681:
tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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