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JUNOS Cookbook by Aviva Garrett Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Mike Loukides Production Editor: Laurel R.T. Ruma Copyeditor: Laurel R.T. Ruma Proofreader: Matt Hutchinson Indexer: Lucie Haskins Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Cover Illustrator: Riverside Natural History Illustrators: Robert Romano, Jessamyn Read, and Lesley Borash Printing History: April 2006: First Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The JUNOS Cookbook, the image of an angora goat, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. This book uses RepKover , a durable and flexible lay-flat binding. ISBN-10: 0-596-10014-0 ISBN-13: 978-0-596-10014-8 [M] [10/07]
Table of Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii 1. Router Configuration and File Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Configuring the Router for the First Time 12 1.2 Configuring the Router from the CLI 17 1.3 Getting Exclusive Access to Configure the Router 17 1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recreate a Configuration 19 1.5 Including Comments in the Configuration 20 1.6 Checking the Syntax of the Configuration 21 1.7 Activating the Router Configuration 22 1.8 Debugging a Failed Commit 24 1.9 Exiting Configuration Mode 25 1.10 Keeping a Record of Configuration Changes 26 1.11 Determining What Changes You Have Made to the Configuration 27 1.12 Configuring the Router by Copying a File from a Server 28 1.13 Configuring the Router by Copying Text from a Terminal Window 32 1.14 Backing Up the Router’s Configuration 34 1.15 Scheduling the Activation of a Configuration 37 1.16 Provisionally Activating a Configuration 40 1.17 Loading a Previous Router Configuration 41 1.18 Creating an Emergency Rescue Configuration 42 1.19 Backing Up Filesystems on M-Series and T-Series Routers 43 v
Page 3 and 4: JUNOS Cookbook
Page 5: JUNOS Cookbook Aviva Garrett Beijin
Page 9 and 10: 3. IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: 8.5 Creating Static Routes 263 8.6
Page 13 and 14: 13.5 Adjusting Local Preference Val
Page 15 and 16: Foreword The early days at Juniper
Page 17 and 18: Throughout 1997 and early 1998, all
Page 19 and 20: Preface1 Over the past decade, netw
Page 21 and 22: Organization As the name suggests,
Page 23 and 24: Constant width Used for code sectio
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 CHAPTER 1 Router Configur
Page 27 and 28: You can use a number of operational
Page 29 and 30: The show command displays the items
Page 31 and 32: Each listed completion is the confi
Page 33 and 34: command on the left side of the pip
Page 35 and 36: The > tells you that you are in ope
Page 37 and 38: } } } root@# commit root@router1# e
Page 39 and 40: For the initial router configuratio
Page 41 and 42: At this point in configuring the ro
Page 43 and 44: 1.4 Displaying the Commands to Recr
Page 45 and 46: Discussion It is generally good pra
Page 47 and 48: is often the first thing to check w
Page 49 and 50: In this example, the error is in th
Page 51 and 52: To track down what changed in the c
Page 53 and 54: Solution Use the following command
Page 55 and 56: login { class superuser-local { per
Page 57 and 58:
If PIM is not yet configured, merge
Page 59 and 60:
You can also save it to a file in y
Page 61 and 62:
These files are also compressed. av
Page 63 and 64:
You see that the running configurat
Page 65 and 66:
Solution The rollback configuration
Page 67 and 68:
See Also Recipe 1.17 1.19 Backing U
Page 69 and 70:
ad1 11513 MB IBM-DARA-212000 AH0AHG
Page 71 and 72:
J-series filesystems on a device co
Page 73 and 74:
1.22 Installing a Different Softwar
Page 75 and 76:
Use the request system software add
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support site (http://www.juniper.ne
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JUNOS 7.0 was released in the fourt
Page 81 and 82:
Some of the main processes are MGD,
Page 83 and 84:
switching board (the SSB), and two
Page 85 and 86:
1.28 Gathering Information Before C
Page 87 and 88:
The apply-groups statement causes t
Page 89 and 90:
} } } address 10.0.16.1/24; Finally
Page 91 and 92:
The commit synchronize command comm
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modules/ packages/ proc/ root/ sbin
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At this point, you can also upgrade
Page 97 and 98:
lets them gain access to the router
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client/server systems—the RADIUS
Page 101 and 102:
You need to enable FTP only if you
Page 103 and 104:
use of the root account. Logging in
Page 105 and 106:
A slight twist to this recipe is to
Page 107 and 108:
Also, you will not be able to commi
Page 109 and 110:
Solution Set all plain-text passwor
Page 111 and 112:
Discussion When you want users to b
Page 113 and 114:
individual user accounts with passw
Page 115 and 116:
ead-only Can perform all actions in
Page 117 and 118:
If you try to enter a command that
Page 119 and 120:
aviva@router1# set class operator-p
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If you use a centralized server, it
Page 123 and 124:
aviva@RouterF# set term ssh-telnet
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statement in the configuration, whi
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een idle, and what they are doing.
Page 129 and 130:
Mike would be logged out: mike@rout
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Encryption, which is the encoding o
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networks, it does not scale well. A
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} } [edit interfaces] es-3/0/0 { #
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have to set up an IKE SA and a fire
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Here’s what the relevant portions
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Finally, configure the domain’s I
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Configure the security gateway rout
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[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0]
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Then, configure the IPSec tunnel to
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Issuer: Organization: mycompany, Co
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Alternate subject: RouterB.mycompan
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Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 SNMP4 4.0 Intro
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juniperMIB, which is the top node o
Page 157 and 158:
Juniper Networks provides several d
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4.2 Setting Router Information for
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Table 4-1. SNMP trap categories Key
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Solution You can add a term to the
Page 165 and 166:
You might want to give access to al
Page 167 and 168:
aviva@router1> show snmp mib get "j
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4.9 Collecting Router Operational I
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CPU utilization: User 0 percent Bac
Page 173 and 174:
Table 4-2. System logging severity
Page 175 and 176:
Discussion RMON is an SNMP specific
Page 177 and 178:
See Also RFC 2819, Remote Network M
Page 179 and 180:
nms1 sha/3des nonvolatile active Gr
Page 181 and 182:
Again, this recipe is somewhat invo
Page 183 and 184:
Finally, configure which traps the
Page 185 and 186:
} notify chassis-notification-list
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Some are the same as those used by
Page 189 and 190:
Solution Use the following commands
Page 191 and 192:
5.2 Limiting the Messages Collected
Page 193 and 194:
Discussion The default maximum size
Page 195 and 196:
no longer need. Here, we logged RIP
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Discussion This configuration redir
Page 199 and 200:
This command causes all messages se
Page 201 and 202:
Apr 29 22:55:16 router xntpd[4977]:
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The traceoption flags indicate the
Page 205 and 206:
Chapter 6 CHAPTER 6 NTP6 6.0 Introd
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6.2 Setting the Time Zone Problem Y
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Engine boots, the ntpdate utility r
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You can also have all the routers s
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6.6 Checking NTP Status Problem You
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Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 Router Interfac
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under the name of the interface and
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Solution Use the show interfaces co
Page 221 and 222:
the physical interface. It allows y
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Solution The show interfaces extens
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Broadcast packets 0 [0] Multicast p
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Input packets : 5 Output packets: 5
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1.0.12.2/30 so-1/0/0 Mars 1.0.0.1/3
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To remove an extra IP address, use
Page 233 and 234:
Discussion For MPLS traffic to tran
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Flags: None Addresses, Flags: Is-Pr
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Solution Configure the router’s m
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On an M-series or a T-series router
Page 241 and 242:
You can confirm the presence of the
Page 243 and 244:
Protocol inet6, MTU: 1500 Flags: Is
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Solution Use the Virtual Router Red
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Solution There are three steps to s
Page 249 and 250:
7.16 Configuring T1 Interfaces Prob
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Run the loopback test, which sends
Page 253 and 254:
7.18 Setting Up a BERT Test on a T1
Page 255 and 256:
You can configure an error rate to
Page 257 and 258:
Discussion Synchronous Optical Netw
Page 259 and 260:
SEF 22 182 OK LOS 22 1 OK LOF 22 1
Page 261 and 262:
Use the show aps command to check t
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type of ATM PIC, the configuration
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gre up ipip up lo0 up up lo0.0 up u
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Solution Add the new interface to t
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While this does what you want, it m
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When a single routing protocol prov
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IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses that co
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8.1 Viewing the Routes in the Routi
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oute is learned from a dynamic rout
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} } family iso { address 49.0020.19
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8.2 Viewing Routes to a Particular
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8.3 Viewing Routes Learned from a S
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ff00::/8 perm 0 mdsc 53 1 ff02::1/1
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The actual forwarding tables that t
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and the traffic to these networks i
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Attacker A B Target Real source add
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Check the firewall filter counts wi
Page 295 and 296:
Solution Create a routing policy th
Page 297 and 298:
Discussion Martian addresses are pr
Page 299 and 300:
Solution After configuring both OSP
Page 301 and 302:
To verify the preference change, lo
Page 303 and 304:
Peer supports Refresh capability (2
Page 305 and 306:
This recipe shows how to enable gra
Page 307 and 308:
Because the policy and filter condi
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then accept; } } } protocols { ospf
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The first command in the recipe def
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[edit] aviva@router1# set protocols
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Table 9-4. Actions that change rout
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(called longest-match lookup), so t
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aviva@router1# set term 2 then reje
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See Also IANA, http://www.iana.org/
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the community string from the route
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used to verify that the router is m
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} } Discussion } } Placing firewall
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Table 9-5. Header match conditions
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counterintuitive. However, understa
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protocol-except tcp; } then { count
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protocol tcp; destination-port [ te
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Firewall filter terms are evaluated
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9.12 Using a Firewall Filter to Cou
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04:58:41 pfe A t1-0/0/3.0 TCP 10.0.
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which traffic is more important and
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The next term allows TCP traffic: [
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Routing Engine, you want to make su
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from { source-address { 10.0.8.0/24
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9.16 Rate-Limiting Traffic Flow to
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list of IP addresses in one place i
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lished TCP connections and you sudd
Page 357 and 358:
By default, the JUNOS software impl
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} } } neighbor fe-0/0/0.0; neighbor
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10.0.0.0/24 *[Direct/0] 2w4d 23:05:
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The routing policy you set up is a
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so the inbound metrics are 1. The m
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can use it in the authentication-ke
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10.6 Sending Version 1 Update Messa
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Mar 31 10:11:13 Group beta-rip-grou
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Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11 IS-IS11 11.0
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oundary. This means that the IS-IS
Page 377 and 378:
might be useful when migrating two
Page 379 and 380:
Interface System L State Hold (secs
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RouterA.02-00 0x59 0xeda9 632 L1 L2
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The next four lines show the IP pre
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configuring the preference statemen
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11.5 Configuring a Level 1-Only Rou
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11.6 Controlling DIS Election Probl
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key, or password, for each interfac
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} } from protocol static; then acce
Page 395 and 396:
Again, we expect the metric to chan
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RouterA Level 2 RouterB Level 2 Rou
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Increasing the IS-IS cost of Router
Page 401 and 402:
11.12 Moving IS-IS Traffic off a Ro
Page 403 and 404:
11.14 Tracing IS-IS Protocol Traffi
Page 405 and 406:
Using some of the other flags, you
Page 407 and 408:
OSPF views routers as nodes, which
Page 409 and 410:
Area 0.0.0.0 RouterG lo0:192.168.19
Page 411 and 412:
Another common problem in establish
Page 413 and 414:
The route entries starting with [OS
Page 415 and 416:
entries that originated from the lo
Page 417 and 418:
OSPF network. Route 192.168.18.1:0.
Page 419 and 420:
Checking on RouterA at the other en
Page 421 and 422:
192.168.19.1/32 *[Direct/0] 3d 01:5
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The routers in the stub area no lon
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Router 192.168.16.1 192.168.16.1 0x
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Solution You configure MD5 authenti
Page 429 and 430:
Use the show ospf interface detail
Page 431 and 432:
With the default metric, traffic fr
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12.12 Improving OSPF Convergence Ti
Page 435 and 436:
This output shows two BFD sessions
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aviva@RouterG# commit aviva@RouterG
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Jun 14 22:00:26 CHANGE 192.168.17.1
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Jun 13 16:55:20 IP Route added with
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list of ASs to see whether a route
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E Route was originally learned from
Page 447 and 448:
Then configure an EBGP session to t
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NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
Page 451 and 452:
Next is information about routes le
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Looking at the remote peer router,
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* 10.0.31.0/24 Self I * 172.19.121.
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aviva@RouterE> show bgp summary Gro
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to 10.0.31.1 via t1-0/0/3.0 10.0.29
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lem with BGP itself. When the TCP s
Page 463 and 464:
13.4 Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribu
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The first configuration in this rec
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13.7 Prepending AS Numbers to the A
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13.8 Filtering BGP Routes Based on
Page 471 and 472:
Translated, this match looks for fo
Page 473 and 474:
Type: External State: Established F
Page 475 and 476:
This recipe configures MD5 authenti
Page 477 and 478:
oute reflector system has a set of
Page 479 and 480:
10.0.24.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:18:38, l
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AS 65500 Sub-AS 65501 RouterF 192.1
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figure-of-merit value correlates to
Page 485 and 486:
Once the routing policy is set up,
Page 487 and 488:
change, the router will unsuppress
Page 489 and 490:
See Also RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap D
Page 491 and 492:
You see that the route to 192.168.1
Page 493 and 494:
When setting up policies, also crea
Page 495 and 496:
} See Also next-hop 192.0.2.1; acce
Page 497 and 498:
Another restriction for multipath B
Page 499 and 500:
This forwarding table is then copie
Page 501 and 502:
BGP establishes the connection, fro
Page 503 and 504:
Chapter 14a CHAPTER 14 MPLS14 14.0
Page 505 and 506:
Layer 2 header MPLS header Layer 3
Page 507 and 508:
RouterG 192.168.19.1 Ingress router
Page 509 and 510:
The main difference between LDP and
Page 511 and 512:
family to the t1-4/0/0 interface; o
Page 513 and 514:
Also verify the MPLS-enabled interf
Page 515 and 516:
The first line of the output shows
Page 517 and 518:
aviva@RouterG> show configuration p
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via t1-4/0/0.0, Push 100000 192.168
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aviva@RouterG> show route forwardin
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This recipe shows how to configure
Page 525 and 526:
Oct 5 19:25:52 Msg Hello (0x100), l
Page 527 and 528:
aviva@R3# set rsvp interface fxp0.0
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fxp0 up up fxp0.0 up up inet 192.16
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aviva@R1> show rsvp interface RSVP
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y 13:31:06 the LSP was up and runni
Page 535 and 536:
10.0.0.6 10.0.0.1 Up 0 1 FF 3 - R1-
Page 537 and 538:
Solution On the ingress router, loo
Page 539 and 540:
for LSP signaling. On the egress an
Page 541 and 542:
Discussion There are several ways t
Page 543 and 544:
14.9 Verifying that the RSVP-Signal
Page 545 and 546:
14.11 Protecting an LSP’s Path Pr
Page 547 and 548:
RSVP RRO in the path calculation lo
Page 549 and 550:
The configuration allocates 50 Mbps
Page 551 and 552:
However, RSVP cannot establish the
Page 553 and 554:
Solution Fast reroute reduces packe
Page 555 and 556:
PATH sentto: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0)
Page 557 and 558:
The RSVP interface status shows tha
Page 559 and 560:
14.13 Automatically Allocating Band
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Then examine the history of the LSP
Page 563 and 564:
To understand how preemption works,
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10.0.0.5 From: 10.0.0.1, State: Up,
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9 Oct 14 10:51:20 Deselected as act
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The router knows how to reach its i
Page 571 and 572:
10.1.13.1/32 *[Local/0] 2d 20:39:51
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aviva@R1> clear log rsvp-trace-log
Page 575 and 576:
PATH rcvfrom: 10.1.13.2 (so-0/0/2.0
Page 577 and 578:
The discussion of Layer 3 VPNs invo
Page 579 and 580:
VPN, and routes announced by a remo
Page 581 and 582:
The third and final step is to conf
Page 583 and 584:
One last protocol that you need to
Page 585 and 586:
All routes that are part of the VPN
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--- 192.168.13.1 ping statistics --
Page 589 and 590:
1 *[MPLS/0] 1d 18:03:41, metric 1 R
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65500:3:10.0.31.0/24 *[BGP/170] 00:
Page 593 and 594:
emains private. When configuring th
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} } peer-as 65500; neighbor 10.0.1.
Page 597 and 598:
The VPN2 routing table also knows n
Page 599 and 600:
Just to make sure that prefixes are
Page 601 and 602:
Multicast senders and receivers are
Page 603 and 604:
You administratively configure the
Page 605 and 606:
10.0.21.2/24 RouterB 192.168.12.1 R
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IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 609 and 610:
Again, verify the configured group
Page 611 and 612:
willing to be an RP send RP Announc
Page 613 and 614:
JUNOS routers perform the encapsula
Page 615 and 616:
Now check the RP status on the rout
Page 617 and 618:
Also, make sure that the router’s
Page 619 and 620:
Check to see which RPs the various
Page 621 and 622:
The anycast PIM configuration is qu
Page 623 and 624:
Solution Specify the group address
Page 625 and 626:
The interfaces toward the multicast
Page 627 and 628:
Discussion Flags: sparse Upstream i
Page 629 and 630:
IGMP Query Response Interval: 10.0
Page 631 and 632:
If you are not sure that the domain
Page 633 and 634:
Discussion With PIM-SM, the RP in e
Page 635 and 636:
The full RIB group configuration lo
Page 637 and 638:
} address 192.168.19.1; # ping 224
Page 639 and 640:
Upstream interface: local Upstream
Page 641 and 642:
The first entry is for the source i
Page 643 and 644:
IGMP Last Member Query Interval: 1.
Page 645:
The command in this recipe is a sim
Page 648 and 649:
adjacencies (continued) IGPs and, 1
Page 650 and 651:
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) (cont
Page 652 and 653:
configure command (continued) exclu
Page 654 and 655:
dotted quad notation, 248 down arro
Page 656 and 657:
firewall filters (continued) loggin
Page 658 and 659:
IBGP (internal BGP) (continued) LOC
Page 660 and 661:
IP multicast (continued) limiting g
Page 662 and 663:
Level 1 systems (IS-IS) authenticat
Page 664 and 665:
martian addresses/prefixes (continu
Page 666 and 667:
O Object Identifier (see OID) OID (
Page 668 and 669:
plain-text passwords (continued) JU
Page 670 and 671:
RFC (Request for Comment) on BGP, 4
Page 672 and 673:
outing tables (continued) checking
Page 674 and 675:
set route-filter command, 296 set r
Page 676 and 677:
show ospf interface command, 386, 3
Page 678 and 679:
ssh command, 3, 89 SSM (Source-Spec
Page 680 and 681:
tracing (trace logging) (continued)
Page 683:
About the Author Aviva Garrett has
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